12.5 Transitioning to the PN Role

Reality Shock

As a new graduate transitions into the role of being a practical nurse, it is very common to experience something called “reality shock.” Although Kramer’s “Reality Shock” theory is several decades old, it continues to apply to new nurses transitioning to their new role through a process of learning and growing. Kramer’s Reality Shock theory characterizes four phases of transitioning into a new role referred to as the honeymoon, shock, recovery, and resolution phases^[1]:

• Honeymoon phase: The first phase occurs when the newly graduated nurse is excited to join the nursing profession and it is everything they imagined. During this phase, the new nurse is typically paired up with a preceptor nurse to orient them to the new role.
• Shock phase: The second phase is when the new nurse is the most vulnerable. They are moved off orientation and independently perform tasks without the guidance of their preceptor. The nurse role is often more difficult than the new nurse previously imagined. The new nurse realizes their expectations associated with the nursing role may be inconsistent with the actual responsibilities. During this phase, negative feelings regarding their new profession may arise, and the new nurse is at greatest risk for leaving the unit or quitting.
• Recovery phase: The third phase is when new nurses begin to have positive feelings towards their profession again. During this phase, the new nurse is able to reflect on their experiences and develop a clear understanding of their responsibilities and role expectations. The novice nurse typically experiences decreased tension and anxiety and begins to assist other nurses as needed.
• Resolution phase: The fourth and final phase is usually at the end of the first year of the new position. The new nurse can visualize how the role contributes to the profession, and work expectations are easily met.

Transitioning Into Practice

Over the years, the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) has researched the complex issue of retaining new nursing graduates and found the inability of new nurses to properly transition into practice can have grave consequences. New nurses care for sicker clients in increasingly complex health settings and feel increased stress levels. As a result, new nurses are involved in more client safety and practice errors than experienced nurses. It has been reported by the NCSBN that within the first year of employment, 25% of novice nurses leave their nursing positions.^[2]

There are several potential strategies for helping new nurses transition into practice. The first step of the transition is being aware of “reality shock” and the phases of the transition process. A thorough orientation process with an experienced preceptor is a traditional strategy for transitioning into a new nursing position. A newer strategy being implemented in some agencies is a nurse residency program.

Orientation may last anywhere from one to four months, but can be longer depending on the specialty. Orientation is based on the new nurse’s demonstration and completion of competencies. During this time, the novice nurse will work with a preceptor to experience all aspects of the role.

Preceptors are experienced and competent nurses who serve as a role model and a resource to a newly hired nurse. Preceptors have the knowledge, skills, and the ability to coach the new nurse into the nursing role and answer their questions. The preceptor also evaluates a new hire’s performance and provides feedback for improvement.

Nurse residency programs provide additional professional development support for all newly licensed nurses. Nurse residency programs vary from institution to institution, but many start around the time the new graduate ends their orientation with a preceptor and continue to provide routine support throughout the year. Residency programs are structured to provide a variety of learning opportunities, including nursing skill development, peer networking, and mentorship. The goal of nurse residency programs is to provide organizational support for newly licensed nurses during the critical phase of transitioning from student to professional nurse.^[3] See 12.5^[4] for an image of new nurses participating in a nurse residency program.

Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory

As a nursing graduate transitions into a new nursing role, a well-known theory called “Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory” explains how new hires develop skills and a holistic understanding of client care over time, resulting from a combination of a strong educational foundation and thorough clinical experiences. See Figure 12.6^[5] for an illustration of Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Benner’s theory identifies five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.^[6]

• A novice is a beginner with no clinical experience. They are taught general rules to help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible. In other words, they are told what to do and simply follow instructions.
• An advanced beginner shows acceptable performance and has gained prior experience in actual nursing situations. This experience helps the nurse recognize recurring patterns of client symptoms and behaviors. An advanced beginner begins to formulate strategies, based on their previous experiences, to guide actions.
• A competent nurse generally has two or three years’ experience on the job in the same type of position that has similar day-to-day situations. Competent nurses become aware of long-term goals and gain perspective from planning their own actions. This helps them achieve greater efficiency and organization.
• A proficient nurse perceives and understands situations as whole parts, so they have a holistic understanding of nursing that improves their decision-making. Proficient nurses have learned what to expect in various client situations and how to modify plans as needed.
• Expert nurses no longer rely on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions. They have a deeper background of experience and an intuitive grasp of clinical situations. Their performances are fluid, flexible, and highly proficient.^[7]