Appendix B – Master Glossary

15-15 Rule: Suggests consuming or administering 15 grams of a carbohydrate, followed by a 15-minute wait and then remeasurement of blood glucose level to assess if blood glucose has returned to normal levels. (Chapter 7.5)

A

Above-elbow (Transhumeral) amputation: Amputation above the elbow joint. (Chapter 10.5)

Above-knee (Transfemoral) amputation: Amputation above the knee joint, requiring more energy for mobility due to the absence of the knee joint and increased leverage requirements. (Chapter 10.5)

Acanthosis nigricans: Hyperpigmentation often found in the axilla, groin, and folds of the neck. (Chapter 7.5)

Accountability: Being answerable to oneself and others for one’s own choices, decisions, and actions as measured against a standard. (Chapter 1.8)

Acetabulum: The large socket that holds the head of the femur. (Chapter 10.2)

Achilles tendon: Attaches the calf muscles to the heel bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Acquired immunity: Refers to immunity that develops with exposure to various antigens as an individual’s immune system builds a defense. (Chapter 4.2)

Acromion: An extension from the scapula that forms the bony tip of the shoulder. (Chapter 10.2)

Actual versus potential nursing problems: A prioritization strategy that considers the type of nursing problem when prioritizing care. Actual problems refer to a clinical problem that is actively occurring with the client. A risk problem indicates the client may potentially experience a problem, but they do not have current signs or symptoms of the problem actively occurring. (Chapter 1.9)

Acuity: The level of client care that is required based on the severity of a client’s illness or condition. For example, acuity may include characteristics such as unstable vital signs, oxygenation therapy, high-risk IV medications, multiple drainage devices, or uncontrolled pain. A “high-acuity” client requires several nursing interventions and frequent nursing assessments. (Chapter 1.9)

Acuity-rating staffing models: A strategy for making patient assignments to equitably assign clients to nursing staff according to their acuity ratings. This means that when comparing client assignments across the nursing team on a unit, similar acuity team scores should be seen with the goal of achieving equitable and safe division of workload across the nursing team. (Chapter 1.9)

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS): Increased pressure within a muscle compartment, resulting in reduced blood flow to the tissues within that compartment. (Chapter 10.6)

Acute coronary syndrome: A group of conditions that involves a sudden compromise in blood flow to the myocardium. (Chapter 5.7)

Acute renal failure: The sudden loss of kidney function; also known as acute kidney injury. (Chapter 8.5)

Acute versus chronic conditions: A prioritization strategy that considers acute versus chronic medical conditions. Acute conditions have a sudden and severe onset. These conditions occur due to a sudden illness or injury, and the body often has a significant response as it attempts to adapt. Chronic conditions have a slow onset and may gradually worsen over time. (Chapter 1.9)

Adaptive immune response: Activated when the nonspecific, innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection; requires the body’s exposure to a pathogen to recognize it as a threat in order for it to respond. (Chapter 4.2)

Adaptive immunity: The production of antibodies by B cells and targeted killing of infected cells by T cells. (Chapter 3.2)

Addisonian crisis: Life-threatening medical emergency that occurs when the body’s need for the hormones cortisol and aldosterone exceeds the available supply. (Chapter 7.7)

Adenoiditis: Inflammation of the adenoids, a common medical condition in young children that can hinder speaking and breathing. (Chapter 6.2)

Adenoids: Lymphatic tissue between the back of the nasal cavity and the pharynx. (Chapter 6.2)

Adjuvant chemotherapy: Given after surgery or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells and lower the risk of recurrence. (Chapter 4.3)

Adrenal cortex: Responsible for producing a group of steroid hormones known as corticosteroids. (Chapter 7.2)

Adrenal glands: Small glands located at the top of each kidney. (Chapter 7.2)

Adrenal medulla: Responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine. (Chapter 7.2)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Regulates the release of glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol) by the adrenal gland. (Chapter 7.2)

Afterload: The force the ventricles must generate to pump blood against the resistance in the vessels. (Chapter 5.2)

Agranulocytosis: A severe reduction in WBCs. (Chapter 3.11)

Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs): A prioritization strategy, similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, that guides nursing decision-making based on the most critical needs for preserving human life. (Chapter 1.9)

Akinesia: The inability to voluntarily move muscles. (Chapter 9.6)

Aldosterone: A mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that regulates the salt and water balance of the body in the kidneys by increasing the retention of sodium and water and excreting potassium. (Chapter 7.7)

Allergens: Substances that are generally harmless to most individuals but may induce an allergic response in some. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, and insect venom. (Chapter 4.5)

Allergic responses: A specific form of hypersensitivity reactions that arise when the immune system reacts to allergens. (Chapter 4.5)

Allergy: An inflammatory response due to a hypersensitivity to a substance that most people’s bodies perceive as harmless. (Chapter 4.2)

Allogeneic transplants: A procedure that involves obtaining stem cells from a matching donor, often a sibling or unrelated donor, and then transplanting them into the client after preparatory treatments. (Chapter 4.3)

Alpha cells: Secrete a hormone called glucagon. (Chapter 7.2)

Alveoli: Small, grape-like sacs responsible for gas exchange. (Chapter 6.2)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): The most common type of dementia, accounting for at least two thirds of cases of dementia in people aged 65 and older. (Chapter 9.5)

Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual periods. (Chapter 7.6)

Amputation: Refers to the surgical removal of a body part. (Chapter 10.5)

Amylase: An enzyme, produced chiefly in the pancreas and salivary glands, that breaks down carbohydrates. (Chapter 11.2)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease; a neurological disorder that affects motor neurons and the control of voluntary muscle movement and breathing. (Chapter 9.12)

Anal canal: A three-inch long section at the end of the gastrointestinal tract that opens to the exterior of the body at the anus. (Chapter 11.2)

Anaphylaxis: A life-threatening Type I hypersensitivity reaction that occurs rapidly and systemically, and if not promptly treated, it can be fatal. (Chapter 4.5)

Anemia: A clinical sign characterized by a reduction in either the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume). (Chapter 3.5)

Anesthesia: Medications used to reduce or temporarily eliminate sensory perception; commonly referred to as “negative sensation.” (Chapter 2.2)

Aneurysm: An abnormal bulging or ballooning that develops in a weak spot of the arterial wall, which may become so thin that it ruptures. (Chapter 5.12, Chapter 9.9)

Angina: Chest pain or discomfort that is unpredictable and occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. (Chapter 3.6, Chapter 5.7)

Angioplasty: Use of a balloon to stretch open a blocked artery. (Chapter 5.3)

Ankle-brachial index (ABI): An assessment comparing the blood pressure in the arms (brachial artery) to that in the ankles (dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial arteries). (Chapter 5.9)

Ankle disarticulation: Amputation at the ankle joint, preserving the heel pad for weight-bearing and prosthetic fitting. (Chapter 10.5)

Antibodies: Proteins that destroy pathogens based on their antigens. (Chapter 4.2)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Regulates blood osmolarity by targeting the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. (Chapter 7.2)

Antigens: Markers that tell the immune system whether something in the body is harmful or not; found on viruses, bacteria, cancer cells, and even normal cells of the body. (Chapter 4.2)

Anuria: Absence of urine output, typically found during kidney failure, defined as less than 50 mL of urine over a 24-hour period. (Chapter 8.2)

Anus: The opening at the end of the digestive tract where feces leave the body. (Chapter 11.2)

Aplastic anemia: A relatively rare but serious medical condition characterized by a significant reduction or absence of all three major blood cell types: red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. (Chapter 3.12)

Apnea: Absence of breathing. (Chapter 6.2)

Appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix. (Chapter 11.5)

Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix. (Chapter 11.2)

Appendix: A small pouch attached to the end of the cecum. (Chapter 11.2)

Arachnoid: The meninge middle layer that is filled with fluid that cushions the brain. (Chapter 9.2)

Arteriosclerosis: The thickening and stiffening of arterial walls. (Chapter 5.6)

Arteriovenous graft: Similar to a fistula but uses a synthetic tube to create a conduit between the artery and vein. (Chapter 8.6)

Arteriovenous malformation: A tangle of blood vessels that irregularly connects arteries and veins that can rupture, causing bleeding in the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 9.9)

Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. (Chapter 5.2)

Arthrocentesis: A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint, such as the knee, for lab analysis and symptom relief. (Chapter 10.3)

Arthroplasty: Refers to joint replacement surgery; an invasive procedure requiring extended recovery time. (Chapter 10.7)

Arthroscopy: A common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons to view the inside of a joint to diagnose and/or to repair joint problems. (Chapter 10.3, Chapter 10.7)

Ascending colon: The first part of the colon that travels upward on the right side of the abdomen. (Chapter 11.2)

Ascites: Abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdomen. (Chapter 5.3, Chapter 5.8, Chapter 11.15)

Aspiration: Inhalation of food or fluids into the trachea and lower respiratory tract. (Chapter 6.2)

Aspiration pneumonia: Refers to when someone inhales food, drink, vomit, saliva, or medication into the lungs instead of swallowing it. (Chapter 6.7, Chapter 11.3)

Asterixis: Flapping tremor. (Chapter 8.5)

Asthma: A condition caused by chronic inflammation in the airways, resulting in narrowed air passages. Individuals also experience bronchoconstriction that tightens the smooth muscle surrounding the airways, further limiting airflow. (Chapter 6.5)

Ataxia: Refers to lack of muscle control in the arms and legs that causes poor balance and coordination, which can result in trouble walking. (Chapter 9.3, Chapter 9.10, Chapter 10.10)

Atelectasis: Collapse of alveoli and/or small passageways of the lungs. (Chapter 2.3, Chapter 6.2)

Atherosclerosis: Buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and wastes within the lining of the arteries. (Chapter 5.6)

Atonic (akinetic): A sudden loss of muscle tone for a few seconds and followed by postictal (period after seizure) confusion. (Chapter 9.7)

Audible wheezing: Whistling or squeaky sound when breathing. (Chapter 6.6)

Aura: Unusual sensation occurs before the seizure and is often described as a “deja vu” feeling, a perceived offensive smell, or sudden onset of pain. (Chapter 9.7)

Aural phase: A sensory warning that is similar each time a seizure occurs. (Chapter 9.7)

Authentic leaders: Leaders who have an honest and direct approach with employees, demonstrating self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, and relationship transparency. They strive for trusting, symmetrical, and close leader–follower relationships; promote the open sharing of information; and consider others’ viewpoints. (Chapter 1.3)

Authoritarian leadership: The leader has full power. Authoritarian leaders tell team members what to do and expect team members to execute their plans. (Chapter 1.3)

Autodigestion: A process in which the enzymes of the pancreas digest pancreatic tissue. (Chapter 11.15)

Autoimmune disease: Caused by the body’s inability to distinguish its own healthy cells from abnormal cells or pathogens, producing antibodies that attack its own tissues. (Chapter 4.2)

Autoimmune reactions: Actions within the body where one’s own immune system accidentally initiates a response against the body’s own healthy cells, tissues, or organs. (Chapter 4.1)

Autologous transplants: A procedure where the client’s own stem cells are collected, purified, and then reinfused following intensive chemotherapy or radiation to destroy cancer cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Autonomic dysreflexia: A medical emergency that occurs in clients who have sustained a spinal cord injury above T6. (Chapter 9.12)

B

Barium enema: Also known as a lower GI series. (Chapter 11.3)

Barium swallow: Also known as an upper GI series. (Chapter 11.3)

Barrett’s esophagus: Clients with chronic GERD whose esophagus is exposed to acidic stomach content and causes changes in the squamous epithelial cells that line the esophagus and transition into columnar epithelium. (Chapter 11.9)

Basic nursing care: Care that can be performed following a defined nursing procedure with minimal modification in which the responses of the patient to the nursing care are predictable. (Chapter 1.7)

Basic patient situation: A situation determined by an RN, physician, podiatrist, dentist, or optometrist that meets the following three conditions:

• The patient’s clinical condition is predictable.
• Medical or nursing orders are not changing frequently and do not contain complex modifications.
• The patient’s clinical condition requires only basic nursing care. (Chapter 1.7)

B cells: Cells that produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins. (Chapter 4.2)

Bedside Handoff Report Checklist: Similar to an ISBARR report but contains additional information to ensure continuity of care across nursing shifts. (Chapter 1.2)

Below-elbow (Transradial) amputation: Amputation below the elbow joint. (Chapter 10.5)

Below-knee (Transtibial) amputation: Amputation below the knee joint, providing a longer residual limb for better prosthetic control and energy-efficient walking. (Chapter 10.5)

Benign: Cells that grow and divide in a more controlled manner, remaining localized to a certain area. (Chapter 4.3)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate that is not cancerous. (Chapter 8.12)

Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory: Explains how new hires develop skills and a holistic understanding of patient care over time, resulting from a combination of a strong educational foundation and thorough clinical experiences. (Chapter 12.5)

Beta cells: Secrete insulin which facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells from the bloodstream. (Chapter 7.2)

Beta endorphin: Possesses morphine-like effects and plays a role in pain management and natural reward circuits such as feeding, drinking, sex, and maternal behavior. (Chapter 7.2)

Biceps brachialis: Muscle located in the arm that flexes the elbow joint and rotates the forearm. (Chapter 10.2)

Biceps brachii: Muscle on the anterior upper arm. (Chapter 10.2)

Bile: A greenish-brown fluid that aids in digestion by breaking down lipids, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. (Chapter 11.2)

Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of red blood cells. (Chapter 11.2)

Bladder: Hollow muscular organ which serves as a reservoir to collect urine. (Chapter 8.2)

Blood osmolarity: Concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. (Chapter 7.2)

Blood pressure: The force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. (Chapter 5.2)

Board of Nursing: A state-specific licensing and regulatory body that sets standards for safe nursing care and issues nursing licenses to qualified candidates. (Chapter 1.7)

Body: References the middle portion of the sternum. (Chapter 10.2)

Bone density scans (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry – DEXA or DXA): Specialized X-ray tests that measure bone mineral density. (Chapter 10.3)

Bone marrow aspiration: The extraction of a small sample of liquid bone marrow from the center of a bone. (Chapter 3.3)

Bone marrow biopsy: A procedure that involves obtaining a small core of bone and marrow tissue from the bone marrow space. (Chapter 3.3)

Bone marrow transplantation: The replacement of damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells to restore the body’s ability to produce essential blood cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Borborygmus: Hyperperistalsis; often referred to as “stomach growling.” (Chapter 11.3)

Boutonniere deformities: Firm, observable lumps underneath the skin on or near the base of the joint. (Chapter 10.9)

Bowel obstruction: A blockage of the intestines caused by a mechanical or nonmechanical condition. (Chapter 11.13)

Brachytherapy: A procedure where radioactive materials are placed directly
inside or very close to the tumor. (Chapter 4.3)

Bradycardia: The condition in which resting rate drops below 60 bpm. (Chapter 5.2, Chapter 5.3)

Bradykinesia: Slow, shuffling gait. (Chapter 9.6)

Bradypnea: Slow breathing. (Chapter 6.2)

Brain stem: Connects the spinal cord to the brain. (Chapter 9.2)

Bronchi: Main air passageways of the lungs. (Chapter 6.2)

Bronchial responsiveness testing: Measures the responsiveness of the airway after it has been exposed to an allergen or bronchoconstrictive substance. (Chapter 6.3)

Bronchial thermoplasty: Procedure is performed during a bronchoscopy and delivers heat to the muscles surrounding the airways to reduce smooth muscle mass and prevent them from narrowing. (Chapter 6.5)

Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveolar sacs. (Chapter 6.2)

Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi. (Chapter 6.2)

Bronchoscopy: Procedure in which a tube is inserted by a health care provider to visually examine the bronchi. (Chapter 6.3)

Bronchospasm: Symptom of many respiratory conditions; sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. (Chapter 6.2)

Brudzinski sign: When neck flexion causes the individual to automatically flex their hips and knees. (Chapter 9.8)

Bruit: Whooshing sound. (Chapter 8.6)

Buck’s traction: Skin traction that involves the application of weights over the end of the bed as a pulling force. (Chapter 10.6)

Bullectomy: One or more very large bullae are removed from the lungs. (Chapter 6.6)

C

Calcaneus: Heel bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Capillary: A microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissue cells where nutrients and wastes are exchanged at the cellular level. (Chapter 5.2)

Capillary refill test: Test performed on the nail beds to monitor perfusion. (Chapter 5.3)

Capnography: A sensor that measures the concentration of carbon dioxide exhaled, translated into a waveform and numerical value. (Chapter 6.3)

Carbohydrate counting: Diabetic meal planning strategy in which individuals keep track of the total grams of carbohydrates they consume in a meal, regardless of the food source. (Chapter 7.5)

Carcinogen: Any substance capable of causing cancer. (Chapter 4.3)

Carcinogenesis: The process of cancer development in the body. (Chapter 4.3)

Carcinoma in situ: Also known as Stage 0; cancerous or abnormal cells are present, but they are localized to the initial layer of cells where they were first discovered. (Chapter 4.3)

Cardiac catheterization: A diagnostic procedure used to visualize the coronary arteries, heart chambers, and great vessels; also known as coronary angiography or angiogram. (Chapter 5.3)

Cardiac muscle: Specialized muscle located in the heart. (Chapter 10.2)

Cardiac output (CO): Measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. (Chapter 5.2)

Cardiac stress test: A diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the performance and function of the heart during physical activity; also known as an exercise stress test or treadmill test. (Chapter 5.3)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD): Disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. (Chapter 5.1)

Cardiovascular surgery: Surgery involving the heart and blood vessels; often performed to treat heart conditions or improve blood flow. (Chapter 2.2)

Carina: A raised structure that contains specialized nervous system tissue that induces violent coughing if a foreign body, such as food, is present. (Chapter 6.2)

Carpals: Wrist bones. (Chapter 10.2)

Carpal tunnel syndrome: A common neurological and musculoskeletal disorder that occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. (Chapter 9.12)

Cartilaginous joints: When two bones are connected by cartilage; a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. (Chapter 10.2)

Cecum: The first section of the large intestine into which the ileum opens. (Chapter 11.2)

Central nervous system (CNS): Includes the brain and the spinal cord. (Chapter 9.2)

Cerebellar function: Tested by assessing gait, balance, and coordination. (Chapter 9.3)

Cerebellum: The posterior part of the brain that controls fine motor skills. (Chapter 9.2)

Cerebral palsy (CP): A group of disorders that affects the ability to move and maintain balance and posture. (Chapter 10.10)

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): Commonly referred to as a stroke; a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that requires immediate emergency care. (Chapter 9.9)

Cervical: The first seven vertebrae in the neck region, C1 to C7. (Chapter 10.2)

Charcot joint: Chronic joint damage as the result of neuropathy. (Chapter 7.5)

Chemical carcinogenesis: Occurs due to exposure to various chemicals, drugs, and products encountered in everyday life. (Chapter 4.3)

Chemotherapy: The use of medications to destroy or slow the growth of cancer cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Chest physiotherapy techniques: Techniques such as postural drainage and percussion, which may be used to assist in clearing mucus and secretions from the airways. (Chapter 6.7)

Chief cells: Cells in the glands of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen. (Chapter 11.2)

Child life specialists: Members of the health care team who work with children and their families to provide education and preparation during hospitalization. (Chapter 2.3)

Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. (Chapter 11.6)

Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder due to impaired bile flow. (Chapter 11.6)

Cholinergic crisis: Respiratory failure resulting from a high dose of cholinesterase inhibitors. (Chapter 9.11)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD): The gradual, progressive loss of kidney function over time. (Chapter 8.6)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A chronic, progressive, and incurable respiratory condition that causes breathing difficulties and reduced lung function. (Chapter 6.6)

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Occurs in people with extraordinary exposure to multiple blows to the head, such as boxers and football players. (Chapter 9.12)

Chvostek’s sign: A classic sign of acute hypocalcemia and is an involuntary twitching of facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped. (Chapter 7.8)

Chyle: Lipids and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine (Chapter 4.2)

Chyme: Partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine. (Chapter 11.2)

Clavicle: Connects the sternum to the scapula; also known as the collarbone. (Chapter 10.2)

Clipping: A surgical procedure involving the placement of a small metal clip at the base of the aneurysm to block blood flow into it and prevent rupture. (Chapter 5.12)

Clock drawing test: A neurological test in which the client is provided with a piece of paper with a pre drawn circle approximately 10 cm in diameter and told that the circle represents the face of a clock. The person is asked to write numbers within the circle so that it looks like a clock and then add arms to the clock to show a desired time. (Chapter 9.5)

Clonic: Muscle contractions and relaxation last several minutes. (Chapter 9.7)

Closed-loop communication: A communication strategy used to ensure that information conveyed by the sender is heard by the receiver and completed. Closed-loop communication is especially important during emergency situations when verbal orders are being provided as treatments are immediately implemented. (Chapter 1.2)

Closed or simple fracture: The broken bone does not penetrate the skin, remaining within the body. (Chapter 10.6)

Closed reduction: Involves a nonsurgical procedure where the provider manipulates the fractured bones back into their proper position without making an incision. (Chapter 10.6)

Clubfoot: A congenital condition that causes the foot and lower leg to turn inward and downward. (Chapter 10.10)

Coagulation cascade: A complex series of reactions involving a variety of coagulation factors that eventually leads to the formation of a fibrin clot. (Chapter 3.2)

Coccyx: The tailbone; formed by the fusion of four very small coccygeal vertebrae. (Chapter 10.2)

Cognitive reserve: Refers to the brain’s ability to make flexible and efficient use of networks of neuron-to-neuron connections that enable a person to continue to carry out cognitive tasks despite degenerative brain changes. (Chapter 9.5)

Coiling: A minimally invasive procedure involving the insertion of tiny coils into the aneurysm through a catheter to promote clotting within the aneurysm and prevent blood flow into it. (Chapter 5.12)

Colonoscopy: The insertion of a scope into the rectum to visualize the entire colon. (Chapter 11.3)

Comminuted fracture: A bone is crushed into pieces. (Chapter 10.6)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Refers to pneumonia that began in the community (not in a hospital). (Chapter 6.7)

Complete fracture: The bone breaks entirely into two or more separate pieces. (Chapter 10.6)

Complete injury: No nerve communication below the injury site so muscle control, feeling, and function below the injury are lost. (Chapter 9.12)

Complex partial seizures: These seizures often occur in the temporal lobe and may be called psychomotor seizures due to the function of this part of the brain. (Chapter 9.7)

Complex patient situation: An act determined by an RN, physician, podiatrist, dentist, or optometrist where one or more of the following conditions exist in a given situation[4]:

• The patient’s clinical condition is not predictable.
• Medical or nursing orders are likely to involve frequent changes or complex modifications.
• The patient’s clinical condition indicates care that is likely to require modification of nursing procedures in which the responses of the patient to the nursing care are not predictable. (Chapter 1.7)

Compliance: The ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content. (Chapter 5.2)

Compression fracture: Typically occurs in vertebrae and involves the bone being crushed or collapsing; often seen in conditions like osteoporosis. (Chapter 10.6)

Computed tomography (CT): Detailed, cross-sectional, three-dimensional images of bones, joints, and soft tissues. (Chapter 10.3)

Concussion: A temporary, mild TBI that may take several months to heal. (Chapter 9.12)

Conflict resolution: Respectful dialogue and active listening to address conflicts promptly and constructively. Through mediation and negotiation, a nurse leader can help team members find common ground, reach compromises, and maintain harmonious working relationships. (Chapter 1.5)

Conscious sedation: A state where the client remains conscious but deeply relaxed and pain-free; also known as “moderate sedation” or “twilight anesthesia.” (Chapter 2.2)

Constructive feedback: Providing feedback to team members in a manner that focuses on their behavior or performance rather than criticism of the individual. The purpose of constructive feedback is to help the team member identify areas for improvement and offer suggestions for development. By providing specific and actionable feedback, team members can gain valuable insights into their strengths and weaknesses, reflect on their actions, create personal goals, and plan strategies for personal and professional growth. (Chapter 1.6)

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): Peritoneal dialysis involving manual exchanges multiple times a day. (Chapter 8.5)

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD): Peritoneal dialysis using a machine for automated exchanges during the night. (Chapter 8.5)

Continuous glucose sensor (CGS): A medical device designed to monitor and track blood glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. (Chapter 7.5)

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): A slow and continuous form of dialysis that occurs 24 hours a day, emulating the continuous filtration process of the kidney. (Chapter 8.5)

Contractility: The force or strength of the contraction itself. (Chapter 5.2)

Contracture: A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints. (Chapter 10.10)

Coronary angiogram: A procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and X-rays to see how blood flows through the arteries in the heart. (Chapter 5.3)

Coronary artery disease (CAD): Plaque buildup that causes the inside of the coronary arteries to narrow over time, which can partially or totally block the blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. (Chapter 5.7)

Cor pulmonale: Right-sided heart failure. (Chapter 6.6)

Corticosteroids: Group of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex; examples include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. (Chapter 7.2)

Cortisol: The most important glucocorticoid because it plays a crucial role in metabolism, immune response, and the body’s response to stress. (Chapter 7.2, Chapter 7.7)

Cosmetic surgery: Surgery performed primarily to enhance or alter a person’s appearance. (Chapter 2.2)

Costovertebral angle tenderness: Tenderness to palpation over the kidneys. (Chapter 8.8)

Coughing and deep breathing: A breathing technique similar to incentive spirometry but no device is required. (Chapter 6.3)

COVID-19: Caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; emerged as a global pandemic in late 2019, causing a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild respiratory distress to severe pneumonia and organ failure. (Chapter 6.10)

C-peptide: Generally found in amounts in the blood equal to the amount of insulin. (Chapter 7.5)

Cranial nerves: Directly connected from the brain to the periphery. (Chapter 9.2)

Cranium: The bones that form the head, including the skull and facial bones. (Chapter 10.2)

C-reactive protein: High levels of C-reactive protein in blood samples indicate a serious infection or other medical condition is causing inflammation. (Chapter 4.2)

Crepitus: Popping, clicking, or crackling sound when moving a joint. (Chapter 10.7)

Culture of safety: An organizational culture that embraces error reporting by employees with the goal of identifying systemic causes of problems that can be addressed to improve client safety. According to The Joint Commission, a culture of safety includes the following components:

• Just Culture: A culture where people feel safe raising questions and concerns and report safety events in an environment that emphasizes a nonpunitive response to errors and near misses. Clear lines are drawn by managers between human error, at-risk, and reckless employee behaviors.
• Reporting Culture: People realize errors are inevitable and are encouraged to speak up for client safety by reporting errors and near misses. For example, nurses complete an “incident report” according to agency policy when a medication error occurs, or a client falls. Error reporting helps the agency manage risk and reduce potential liability.
• Learning Culture: People regularly collect information and learn from errors and successes while openly sharing data and information and applying best evidence to improve work processes and client outcomes. (Chapter 1.2)

Curative surgery: Surgery performed to remove or treat the cause of a disease, providing a cure or permanent resolution. (Chapter 2.2, Chapter 4.3)

CURE hierarchy: An acronym for a prioritization strategy based on identifying the differences among Critical needs, Urgent needs, Routine needs, and Extras. (Chapter 1.9)

Cushing’s disease: Typically caused by a benign tumor in the adrenal gland that causes excess hormone production. (Chapter 7.7)

Cushing’s syndrome: Caused by excess glucocorticoid blood levels caused by medication therapy for another medical problem, such as COPD or immunosuppressive therapy after an organ transplant. (Chapter 7.7)

Cyanosis: Bluish skin discoloration. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 6.3)

Cystitis: A condition characterized by the inflammation of the bladder. (Chapter 8.7)

Cytokines: Proteins secreted by cells that act as chemical messengers in immune responses. (Chapter 4.2)

Cytokine storm: A severe immune reaction in which the body releases too many cytokines into the blood too quickly; can occur as a result of an infection, autoimmune condition, or other disease. Signs and symptoms include high fever, inflammation, severe fatigue, and nausea. (Chapter 4.2)

Cytotoxic: Effects within the body that impact cells that are rapidly dividing. (Chapter 4.3)

D

Data cues: Pieces of significant clinical information that direct the nurse toward a potential clinical concern or a change in condition. (Chapter 1.9)

D-dimer: A blood test that is a marker for the presence of blood clots, specifically the breakdown products of fibrin that result from the dissolution of a blood clot. (Chapter 5.11)

Deamination: The process by which amino acids are converted into ammonia, urea, and uric acid. (Chapter 8.2)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, usually in the legs. (Chapter 2.3, Chapter 5.11)

Dehiscence: The separation of surgical wound edges, exposing underlying tissues. (Chapter 2.5)

Delegatee: An RN, LPN/VN, or AP who is delegated a nursing responsibility by either an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), RN, or LPN/VN, is competent to perform the task, and verbally accepts the responsibility. (Chapter 1.8)

Delegation: States have different laws and rules/regulations regarding delegation. Delegation is generally defined as allowing a delegatee to perform a specific nursing activity, skill, or procedure that is beyond the delegatee’s traditional role and not routinely performed, but the individual has obtained additional training and validated their competence to perform the delegated responsibility. However, the licensed nurse still maintains accountability for overall client care.

In Wisconsin, the NPA states, “In the supervision and direction of delegated acts, an RN shall do all of the following:

• Delegate tasks commensurate with educational preparation and demonstrated abilities of the person supervised.
• Provide direction and assistance to those supervised.
• Observe and monitor the activities of those supervised.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of acts performed under supervision.” (Chapter 1.8)

Delta cells: Secrete somatostatin. (Chapter 7.2)

Deltoid: A large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint. (Chapter 10.2)

Dementia: A general term that refers to a decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with a person’s ability to complete their activities of daily living. (Chapter 9.5)

Democratic leadership: The leader balances decision-making responsibility between team members and the leader. Democratic leaders actively participate in discussions, but also make sure to listen to the views of others. (Chapter 1.3)

Demyelination: Refers to the loss or destruction of the myelin sheath. (Chapter 9.10)

Descending colon: The part of the colon that travels downward on the left side of the abdomen. (Chapter 11.2)

DEXA scans: The gold standard test for diagnosing osteoporosis comparing an individual’s bone density to that of a young healthy adult reflecting the risk of fracture. (Chapter 10.8)

Diabetes insipidus (DI): Rare medical condition characterized by excessive thirst and the excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine. (Chapter 7.2)

Diabetes mellitus (DM): A chronic medical condition marked by persistently elevated blood glucose levels. (Chapter 7.5)

Diabetes nephropathy: Kidney disease as the result of ongoing diabetes. (Chapter 7.5)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Occurs during severe hyperglycemia episodes if the client’s pancreas is no longer producing insulin. (Chapter 7.5)

Diagnostic surgery: Surgery performed to obtain a definitive diagnosis or to assess the extent of a disease or condition. (Chapter 2.2)

Dialysis: A procedure to artificially perform the functions of the kidneys when they are unable to effectively filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. (Chapter 8.5)

Diaphragmatic breathing: Also called abdominal breathing; encourages them to consciously use their diaphragm to take deep breaths. (Chapter 6.3)

Diastole: Period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood. (Chapter 5.2)

Diffusion capacity testing: Measures the lung’s ability to transfer gases from alveoli into the bloodstream. (Chapter 6.3)

Diplopia: Double vision. (Chapter 9.11)

Direct supervision: Immediate availability to continually coordinate, direct, and inspect at first hand the practice of another. (Chapter 1.7)

Discoid rash: Raised red patches with scaling and scarring. (Chapter 4.6)

Dislocation: Displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint. (Chapter 10.2, Chapter 10.10)

Distended: Stretched out. (Chapter 8.2)

Distention: An expansion of the abdomen caused by the accumulation of air or fluid. (Chapter 11.3)

Diuresis: Increased production of urine. (Chapter 8.2)

Diuretic: A substance that increases urine production. (Chapter 8.2)

Diverticulitis: Inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the digestive tract. (Chapter 11.8)

Diverticulosis: The condition of having diverticula in the colon. (Chapter 11.8)

Diverticulum: A small, bulging pouch that can form in the lining of the colon. (Chapter 11.8)

Duodenum: The first section of the small intestine, immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum. (Chapter 11.2)

Duplex ultrasonography: An imaging test that uses sound waves to look at the flow of blood in the veins. (Chapter 5.11)

Dura mater: The tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 9.2)

Dysarthria: Unclear articulation of speech. (Chapter 9.7, Chapter 9.10, Chapter 9.11)

Dyskinesia: Uncontrollable movements. (Chapter 9.6, Chapter 10.10)

Dysmetria: Inability to direct or limit movement. (Chapter 9.10)

Dysphagia: Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. (Chapter 9.11, Chapter 11.3)

Dysphonia: Voice impairment. (Chapter 9.11)

Dyspnea: Shortness of breath. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 3.6, Chapter 3.9, Chapter 5.3, Chapter 5.8, Chapter 6.1, Chapter 6.2)

Dysuria: Painful or burning sensation during urination. (Chapter 8.2)

E

Echocardiography: A noninvasive diagnostic test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create real-time images of the heart’s structure and function. (Chapter 5.3)

Edema: Excess fluid around the cells. (Chapter 5.2, Chapter 8.2)

Elective amputation: Amputation is planned and performed due to medical conditions such as severe infection, tumors, or vascular diseases that compromise blood flow to the affected limb. (Chapter 10.5)

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): A recording of the electrical activity of the heart that allows health care professionals to assess the heart’s rhythm and identify various cardiac conditions. (Chapter 5.3)

Electromyogram (EMG): A diagnostic procedure that assesses the function of nerve cells that control muscles. (Chapter 10.3)

Embolism: A blockage in a blood vessel caused by a dislodged clot or foreign material, often in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). (Chapter 2.5)

Embolus: A portion of a thrombus that breaks free from the vessel wall and enters the circulation. (Chapter 5.6)

Emergency department surgical setting: Urgent or emergency surgeries that are necessary to address critical conditions or life-threatening situations. (Chapter 2.2)

Endarterectomy: Surgical removal of plaque from the arteries. (Chapter 5.6)

Endocrine: Relating to glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood. (Chapter 11.2)

Endocrine role: Refers to the production of glucagon and insulin by clusters of cells called islet cells to regulate blood glucose levels and keep them within a healthy range. (Chapter 7.2)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure that uses a scope to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. (Chapter 11.3)

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR): A minimally invasive procedure where a stent graft is inserted into the aneurysm through small incisions in the groin or other access points. (Chapter 5.12)

Enuresis: Involuntary urination, especially by children. (Chapter 8.2)

Epicardial pacemakers: Pacemakers inserted through an incision in the chest, and the leads are attached to the heart. (Chapter 5.3)

Epidural blocks: A procedure involving injection of an anesthetic agent into the epidural space; often used for vaginal, perineal, hip, and lower extremity surgeries. (Chapter 2.2)

Epidural space: The potential space between the dura mater and vertebrae (spine). (Chapter 9.2)

Epiglottis: A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. (Chapter 6.2)

Epilepsy: A chronic disorder that is defined by at least two unprovoked seizures occurring at least 24 hours apart and in which groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes send the wrong signals and cause recurrent, unpredictable, and unprovoked seizures. (Chapter 9.7)

Epinephrine: A catecholamine produced by the adrenal medulla. (Chapter 7.7)

Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. (Chapter 6.2, Chapter 6.11)

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells (RBCs). (Chapter 3.2)

Erythromelalgia: Flushed or reddened skin, especially in the face or hands, due to engorged blood vessels. (Chapter 3.9)

Erythropoietin: An enzyme produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and essential for RBC production. (Chapter 3.2)

Esophageal hiatus: This opening of the diaphragm in which the esophagus passes through on its way to the stomach. (Chapter 11.14)

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): A diagnostic test that uses a scope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. (Chapter 11.3)

Esophagus: The muscular tube that conveys food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. (Chapter 11.2)

Estrogen: Hormone that promotes the development of breasts and the maturation of the uterus. (Chapter 7.2)

Ethmoid: Part of the nose and base of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Evisceration: The protrusion of internal organs through a dehisced surgical incision site. (Chapter 2.5)

Exchange system: A meal planning method that categorizes foods into three main groups: carbohydrates (CHO), meat and meat substitutes, and fats, assigning specific portion sizes to each food group while allowing for the substitution of foods within the same group without significantly affecting blood glucose levels. (Chapter 7.5)

Exhalation: Act of breathing out. (Chapter 6.2)

Exocrine: Pertaining to the secretion of a substance (such as digestive enzymes) out through a duct. (Chapter 11.2)

Exocrine role: Refers to the release of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase that help to digest food. (Chapter 7.2)

Exophthalmos: Bulging eyes. (Chapter 7.6)

Expected outcomes: Statements of measurable action for the client within a specific time frame that are responsive to nursing interventions. (Chapter 2.5)

Exploratory surgery: Surgery performed to visualize and inspect internal organs and structures to diagnose or assess health conditions. (Chapter 2.2)

External fixation: A surgical procedure where metal pins or screws are inserted into the bone above and below the fracture site and connected to an external frame to stabilize the fracture. (Chapter 10.6)

Extraintestinal manifestations: Signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease that are not confined to the gastrointestinal tract such as inflammation of the joints/bones, bile ducts, mouth, eyes, and skin. (Chapter 11.11)

Extravasation: A process by which cancer cells cross into surrounding tissues by squeezing through vessel walls. (Chapter 4.3)

F

False ribs: Ribs 8, 9, and 10 that are attached to the cartilage that joins the sternum. (Chapter 10.2)

Fasciotomy: A surgical procedure to relieve pressure within the compartment by making incisions through the fascia (connective tissue surrounding the compartment) to release the built-up pressure. (Chapter 10.6)

Fasting blood glucose (FBG): Assesses an individual’s blood glucose level when they have had no caloric intake for at least eight hours (although water intake is permitted). (Chapter 7.5)

Fat embolism syndrome: Can arise from certain fractures, particularly long-bone fractures or bone with large amounts of marrow, such as the ribs, pelvis, and femur. (Chapter 10.7)

Fecalith: A mass of hardened feces. (Chapter 11.5)

Feces: Waste matter discharged from the bowels; also known as stool. (Chapter 11.2)

Femur: Thigh bone. (Chapter 10.2)

FEV1/FVC ratio: Ratio used to assess airflow obstruction. (Chapter 6.3)

Fibrin clot formation: The final step in the clotting process. (Chapter 3.2)

Fibrinolysis: The process in which a clot is degraded in a healing vessel. (Chapter 3.2)

Fibromyalgia: A condition that causes widespread pain, sleep problems, fatigue, and often emotional and mental distress. (Chapter 10.10)

Fibrous joints: Nonmoveable joints where two bones are attached by fibrous connective tissue. (Chapter 10.2)

Fibula: The smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg. (Chapter 10.2)

Field block: A series of local anesthetic injections around the operative field. (Chapter 2.2)

Finger or partial hand amputation: Removal of fingers or part of the hand. (Chapter 10.5)

Fistula: An abnormal connection between two organs. (Chapter 11.8, Chapter 11.11)

Five rights of delegation: A method to ensure proper and appropriate delegation, including right task, right circumstance, right person, right directions and communication, and right supervision and evaluation. (Chapter 1.8)

Flaccid: The muscles atrophy (i.e., shrink) due to loss of function. (Chapter 10.10)

Flatus: Gas in the gastrointestinal tract, expelled through the anus. (Chapter 11.2)

Flexion contracture: Occurs when the residual limb remains in a flexed position for an extended period, leading to decreased range of motion and contracture of muscles and soft tissues. (Chapter 10.5)

Floating ribs: Ribs 11 and 12 that are not attached to the front of the sternum. (Chapter 10.2)

Fluoroscopy: An imaging technique that can assess the movement of the diaphragm and chest structures during respiration. (Chapter 6.3)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Plays a role in sexual development and reproduction by affecting the function of the ovaries and testes. (Chapter 7.2)

Foot drop: The inability to raise the front part of the foot due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot. (Chapter 10.10)

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1): The volume of air exhaled in the first second of forced expiration. (Chapter 6.3)

Forced vital capacity (FVC): The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep inhalation. (Chapter 6.3)

Fracture: A break or disruption in the integrity of a bone. (Chapter 10.6)

FRAX tool: A fracture risk calculator that estimates a client’s ten-year probability of a hip fracture or other major fracture. (Chapter 10.8)

Frequency: The need to urinate several times during the day or night in normal or less-than-normal volumes. (Chapter 8.2)

Frontal: Bone covering the forehead area of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Functional incontinence: Normal bladder control but difficulties getting to the toilet because of arthritis or other disorders that make it hard to move quickly or manipulate zippers or buttons. (Chapter 8.10)

G

Gallbladder: A small organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. (Chapter 11.2)

Gas exchange: Main function of the respiratory system, providing a supply of oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. (Chapter 6.2)

Gastric juice: A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach, containing hydrochloric acid, pepsin, water, mucus, and intrinsic factor. (Chapter 11.2)

Gastric volvulus: A type of obstruction in which the stomach twists upon itself. (Chapter 11.14)

Gastrocnemius: The chief muscle of the calf of the leg. (Chapter 10.2)

Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection. (Chapter 11.7)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Occurs when stomach contents flow backwards into the esophagus. (Chapter 11.9)

Gastroparesis: Delayed stomach emptying, nausea, and vomiting. (Chapter 7.5)

General anesthesia: The use of medications to induce a state of unconsciousness and loss of sensation throughout the entire body. (Chapter 2.2)

Generalized seizures: Involve abnormal electrical activity in both cerebral hemispheres of the brain. (Chapter 9.7)

Gestational diabetes: Elevated blood glucose occurs during pregnancy and typically resolves after the baby is born. (Chapter 7.5)

Gingival hyperplasia: Gum enlargement. (Chapter 9.7)

Glasgow Coma Scale: A standardized tool used to objectively assess and continually monitor a client’s level of consciousness when damage has occurred, such as after a head injury or a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). (Chapter 9.3)

Glomerular filtration: The first step in urine production. (Chapter 8.2)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute. (Chapter 8.2)

Glomeruli: Structures within the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine. (Chapter 8.9)

Glomerulonephritis: An inflammatory disease that specifically affects the kidney glomeruli. (Chapter 8.9)

Glomerulus: Cluster of high-pressure capillaries. (Chapter 8.2)

Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. (Chapter 3.6)

Glucagon: Hormone released in response to low blood glucose levels in order to raise blood glucose. (Chapter 7.2)

Gluconeogenesis: Stimulates the conversion of amino acids into glucose. (Chapter 7.2)

Gluteus maximus: The largest and outermost of the three gluteal muscles in the buttocks. (Chapter 10.2)

Glycogen: Glucose that is not immediately used by cells is stored in the liver and muscles. (Chapter 7.2)

Glycogenolysis: The conversion of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose and its release into the bloodstream. (Chapter 7.2)

Glycolysis: The first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. (Chapter 7.2)

Goiter: A swelling or nodularity of the thyroid and a sign of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. (Chapter 7.6)

Gout: A type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in the joints, usually as flares that last for one or two weeks and then resolves. (Chapter 10.10)

Graves’ disease: A typically long-lasting or permanent condition resulting from autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. (Chapter 7.6)

Greenstick fracture: Bone is partially broken; a common fracture in children that occurs rarely in adults. (Chapter 10.6)

Growth hormone (GH): Promotes growth in children, helps maintain normal body structure in adults, and plays a role in metabolism in both children and adults. (Chapter 7.2)

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS): A rare autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. (Chapter 9.12)

H

Hallux: The great toe. (Chapter 10.2)

Hamstring: Five tendons at the back of a person’s knee that connect a group of three hamstring muscles to bones in the pelvis, knee, and lower leg. (Chapter 10.2)

Handoff report: A transfer and acceptance of patient care responsibility achieved through effective communication. It is a real-time process of passing patient specific information from one caregiver to another, or from one team of caregivers to another, for the purpose of ensuring the continuity and safety of the patient’s care. (Chapter 1.2)

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: An autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, resulting in inflammation and damage. (Chapter 7.6)

Haustra: Folds in the colon. (Chapter 11.11)

Heartburn: A retrosternal burning sensation or discomfort that may radiate into the neck and typically occurs after the ingestion of meals or when in a reclined position. (Chapter 11.9)

Heart failure (HF): Occurs when the heart loses its effectiveness in pumping blood and is referred to as decreased cardiac output. (Chapter 5.8)

Heart rate (HR): The number of times the heart beats per minute. (Chapter 5.2)

Helper T cells: Use chemical messengers to activate the adaptive immune response by stimulating B cells to make antibodies and help develop killer T cells. (Chapter 4.2)

Hemarthrosis: Bleeding into joints. (Chapter 3.10)

Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood. (Chapter 5.12, Chapter 11.2, Chapter 11.3)

Hematochezia: Passage of bloody stool. (Chapter 11.3)

Hematoma: Bleeding in and around the brain caused by a ruptured blood vessel. (Chapter 9.12)

Hematuria: Blood in the urine. (Chapter 3.3, Chapter 3.9, Chapter 4.6, Chapter 8.2)

Hemodialysis: A type of dialysis using a machine called a dialyzer or artificial kidney. (Chapter 8.5)

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C): Assesses an individual’s average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months. (Chapter 7.5)

Hemoglobin electrophoresis: A blood test that allows for the detection of abnormal types of hemoglobin and often used when diagnosing sickle cell disease. (Chapter 3.8)

Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 3.10, Chapter 5.11)

Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding at the surgical site due to blood vessel damage or clotting abnormalities. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 10.5)

Hemorrhagic stroke: A type of stroke in which the stability of a blood vessel in the brain is compromised, leading to rupture and bleeding. (Chapter 9.9)

Hemostasis: The process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood. (Chapter 3.2)

Hepatic encephalopathy: Mental status changes due to buildup of toxins related to impaired liver function. (Chapter 11.15)

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver. (Chapter 11.15)

Hepatomegaly: Enlarged liver. (Chapter 3.8)

Hernia: When internal organs or tissues bulge through an inappropriate opening. (Chapter 11.14)

Herniated disk: A condition in which a disk protrudes beyond the normal confines of the vertebrae. (Chapter 10.2)

Hiatal hernia: A hernia in which part of the stomach bulges through the diaphragmatic opening. (Chapter 11.14)

Hilum: The area that connects the lungs to the supporting structures and where the pulmonary vessels enter and exit the lungs. (Chapter 6.2)

Hip fracture: Commonly referred to as a “broken hip.” (Chapter 10.6)

Hirsutism: Abnormal hair growth. (Chapter 7.7, Chapter 9.7)

Histamine: Released during the immune response and a primary cause of allergies and anaphylactic shock. (Chapter 4.2)

Holter monitor: A portable device designed to continuously record a client’s heart rhythm and electrical activity over an extended period, typically 24 to 48 hours. (Chapter 5.3)

Homeostasis: The ability to maintain a stable state. (Chapter 7.2)

Hormone: A regulatory chemical substance produced by specialized cells or glands in the endocrine system that helps to regulate physiological processes. (Chapter 7.2)

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): Refers to pneumonia that began during or immediately following a stay in a health care setting. (Chapter 6.7)

Huffing technique: A technique in which an individual inhales with a medium-sized breath and then make a sound like “Ha” to push the air out quickly with the mouth slightly open. (Chapter 6.3)

Humerus: Upper arm. (Chapter 10.2)

Humoral immunity: Refers to the function of B cells and their production of antibodies to destroy pathogens in the interstitial spaces. (Chapter 4.2)

Hydrocephalus: Fluid accumulation in the brain. (Chapter 9.9)

Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure produced by a fluid against a surface. (Chapter 8.2)

Hyoid: An independent bone that does not contact any other bone and, thus, is not part of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Hypercalcemia: Increased calcium levels caused by tumor invasion into bone or increased production of parathyroid hormone or vitamin D3. (Chapter 4.3)

Hypercapnia: Elevated levels of carbon dioxide. (Chapter 6.2)

Hyperglycemia: Occurs when a fasting blood glucose level is above 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or a random blood glucose level exceeds 200 mg/dL. (Chapter 7.5)

Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. (Chapter 7.7)

Hyperkalemia: Elevated potassium. (Chapter 7.7)

Hypernatremia: Elevated sodium. (Chapter 7.7)

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS): A severe hyperglycemic emergency, primarily seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes; often in older adults. (Chapter 7.5)

Hyperparathyroidism: Overactivation of parathyroid glands causing excessive release of parathyroid hormone, resulting in hypercalcemia. (Chapter 7.8)

Hyperpigmentation: Darkening of the skin, especially in sun-exposed areas. (Chapter 7.7)

Hypersensitivities: A range of exaggerated immune responses triggered by exposure to specific antigens. (Chapter 4.5)

Hypertension: Chronically elevated blood pressure greater than 120/80 mm Hg. (Chapter 5.5)

Hypertonia: Spasticity. (Chapter 9.3)

Hyperventilation: Rapid and deep breathing. (Chapter 6.2)

Hypervolemia: Excessive fluid volume. (Chapter 5.2)

Hypoesthesias: Numbness. (Chapter 9.10)

Hypoglycemia: An abnormally low blood glucose level typically below 70 mg/dL. (Chapter 7.5)

Hypokalemia: Decreased potassium. (Chapter 7.7)

Hyponatremia: Low sodium. (Chapter 7.7)

Hypothalamus: Area of the brain which serves as the body’s control center regulating temperature, heart rate, hunger, and mood. (Chapter 7.2, Chapter 9.2)

Hypothalamus–pituitary complex: Coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous systems. (Chapter 7.2)

Hypothyroidism: A medical condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that causes reduced production of thyroid hormones. (Chapter 7.6)

Hypotonia: Flaccidity. (Chapter 9.3)

Hypoventilation: Slow and shallow breathing. (Chapter 6.2)

Hypovolemia: Low blood volume. (Chapter 5.2)

Hypovolemic shock: Type of shock caused by extensive blood loss and characterized by a rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and altered consciousness. (Chapter 10.6)

Hypoxemia: A decreased amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood. (Chapter 6.2)

Hypoxia: Low levels of oxygen in the tissues. (Chapter 6.2)

Hypoxic drive: Instead of relying on PaCO2 levels to initiate breathing, the brain primarily relies on dissolved oxygen levels in the bloodstream to initiate respiratory effort. (Chapter 6.6)

I

Ictal phase: The phase from the first symptoms to the end of seizure activity. (Chapter 9.7)

Ileocecal valve: A sphincter muscle that separates the small intestine and the large intestine, controlling the passage of chyme. (Chapter 11.2)

Ileum: The third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine. (Chapter 11.2)

Ilium: The superior region that forms the largest part of the hip bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Immobilization: Involves using casts, splints, or braces to restrict movement of the affected limb or body part, allowing the bones to heal properly. (Chapter 10.6)

Immune evasion: Strategies developed by cancer cells to evade immune recognition. (Chapter 4.3)

Immune system: The complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause infection, disease, or death. (Chapter 4.2)

Immunization: A method to trigger an individual’s acquired immune response and prevent future disease. (Chapter 4.2)

Immunodeficiency: Results from a failure or absence of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement system; can be caused by either primary or secondary reasons. (Chapter 4.2)

Immunoglobulins: Specific types of antibodies that provide immediate protection against an antigen, but do not provide long-lasting protection. (Chapter 4.2)

Immunological memory: Refers to the ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon reexposure to a pathogen. (Chapter 4.2)

Immunosurveillance: The immune process involving T cells, natural killer cells, and cytokines to target and destroy cancer cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Immunotherapy: Therapies that enable one’s own immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Impacted fracture: One fragment of the bone is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression. (Chapter 10.6)

Impaired fasting glucose: Identified in levels that range between 100 to 125 mg/dL. (Chapter 7.5)

Incarcerated hernia: A hernia that cannot be reduced. (Chapter 11.14)

Incentive spirometer: A medical device commonly prescribed after surgery to expand the lungs, reduce the buildup of fluid in the lungs, and prevent pneumonia. (Chapter 6.3)

Incisional hernia: A hernia at the site of an incision. (Chapter 11.14)

Incomplete fracture: Bone cracks but doesn’t break completely into separate pieces. This could be a hairline fracture or a partial break. (Chapter 10.6)

Incomplete injury: The spinal cord is still able to send some messages to or from the brain. (Chapter 9.12)

Incontinence: Loss of bladder control. (Chapter 8.2)

Infarct: The most significant area of damage during an MI. (Chapter 5.7)

Infectious cystitis: The most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), resulting from a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. (Chapter 8.7)

Infective endocarditis: A potentially life-threatening infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. (Chapter 5.13)

Inferior conchae: Lower lateral walls of the nasal cavity. (Chapter 10.2)

Inflammation: Characterized by heat, redness, pain, and swelling but is an important process that recruits immune defenses to eliminate pathogens, remove damaged and dead cells, and initiate repair mechanisms. (Chapter 4.2)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A chronic disorder that is characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. (Chapter 11.11)

Influenza: Commonly known as the flu; caused by influenza viruses that primarily infect the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue. (Chapter 6.10)

Informed consent: An active, shared decision-making process between the health care provider and the recipient of care, empowering clients to participate in decisions about their treatment and surgical procedures. (Chapter 2.2)

Inguinal canal: A passageway that contains the spermatic cord and blood vessels in men and the round ligaments in women. (Chapter 11.14)

Inguinal hernia: A hernia that occurs in the inguinal canal. (Chapter 11.14)

Inhalation: Act of breathing in. (Chapter 6.2)

Injured: Tissues located next to ischemic area that can remain viable as long as oxygen is delivered to the tissue by pathways that circumvent the blockage. (Chapter 5.7)

Innate immune response: Defends the body against pathogens through physical defenses and internal defenses; present from the moment we are born. (Chapter 4.2)

Inpatient setting: Surgery requiring the client to be admitted to the hospital either the day before the surgery or on the same day of the procedure. (Chapter 2.2)

Insulin: Facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose levels. (Chapter 7.2)

Insulin pumps: Small, programmable devices that deliver a continuous supply of insulin into the body, mimicking the function of a healthy pancreas. (Chapter 7.5)

Intensity: The time needed to complete nursing care and interventions such as providing assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs), performing wound care, or administering several medication passes. For example, a “high-intensity” client generally requires frequent or long periods of psychosocial, educational, or hygiene care from nursing staff members. High-intensity clients may also have increased needs for safety monitoring, familial support, or other needs. (Chapter 1.9)

Intercostal: Area between the ribs. (Chapter 10.2)

Intermittent claudication: Muscle pain, cramping, or fatigue during physical activity (e.g., walking) that resolves with rest and recurs with activity. (Chapter 5.9)

International Normalized Ratio (INR): A blood test that measures how long it takes for the blood to clot compared to a standardized value. (Chapter 3.2)

Interstitial cystitis: An inflammatory disease characterized by chronic bladder inflammation that lacks a known cause. (Chapter 8.7)

Interstitial space: The space between individual cells in the tissues. (Chapter 4.2)

Intervertebral disks: Cartilage that acts as shock absorbers and allows for flexibility in the spine. (Chapter 10.2)

Intraoperative period: The time from when the client is wheeled into the operating room until they are transferred to the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), Same-Day Surgery Suite, or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) following the surgical procedure. (Chapter 2.4)

Intrinsic factor: A protein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed by the intestines. (Chapter 3.7, Chapter 11.2)

Intussusception: A type of bowel obstruction where the intestine telescopes onto itself. (Chapter 11.13)

Involuntary guarding: The reflexive contraction of overlying abdominal muscles as the result of peritoneal inflammation. (Chapter 11.3)

I-PASS: A mnemonic used to provide structured communication among interprofessional team members. I-PASS stands for Illness severity, Patient summary, Action list, Situation awareness and contingency plans, and Synthesis by receiver. (Chapter 1.2)

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA): A type of anemia characterized by a lack of sufficient iron in the body, leading to a decrease in the production of hemoglobin and red blood cells. (Chapter 3.6)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A chronic gastrointestinal disorder in which there is abdominal discomfort, along with a change in bowel patterns. (Chapter 11.12)

ISBARR: A common format used by health care team members to exchange client information; the mnemonic stands for Introduction, Situation, Background, Assessment, Request/Recommendation, and Repeat back. (Chapter 1.2)

Ischemia: Condition in which oxygenated blood flow to tissue is reduced. (Chapter 5.7)

Ischemic stroke: Stroke caused by a blockage or occlusion of a cerebral or carotid artery. (Chapter 9.9)

Ischium: Forms the posteroinferior region of each hip bone and supports the body when sitting. (Chapter 10.2)

J

Janeway lesions: Nontender, red, or hemorrhagic macules often found on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. (Chapter 5.13)

Jaundice: A yellow discoloration in the skin, mucus membranes, and eyes due to the body’s inability to adequately metabolize bilirubin. (Chapter 3.2)

Jejunum: The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. (Chapter 11.2)

Joints: Places where two bones or bone and cartilage come together and form a connection. (Chapter 10.2)

Jugular venous distention (JVD): Distended jugular vein when client is positioned at 45 degrees. (Chapter 5.3)

K

Kernig sign: Refers to pain that is elicited on passive extension of the client’s knees. (Chapter 9.8)

Ketones: Metabolic byproducts of fatty acid metabolism, typically produced in the liver. (Chapter 7.5)

Kidney: An organ that filters waste from the blood and produces urine. (Chapter 8.2)

Killer T cells: Directly kill cells that have been invaded by a virus or are otherwise abnormal; also known as cytotoxic cells. (Chapter 4.2)

Koilonychia: Thin, brittle, or spoon-shaped nails often resulting from iron-deficiency anemia. (Chapter 3.6)

Kyphosis: A curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, often referred to as a “buffalo hump” that can lead to a hunchback or slouching posture. (Chapter 10.10)

L

Labored breathing: Additional muscle contractions during inspiration. (Chapter 6.2)

Lacrimal: Walls of the inner orbit (i.e., eye socket). (Chapter 10.2)

Laissez-faire leadership: The leader gives team members total freedom to perform as they please. Laissez-faire leaders do not participate in decision-making processes and rarely offer opinions. (Chapter 1.3)

Large intestine: The last part of the digestive system that runs from the cecum to the anus; absorbs water and electrolytes; forms, stores, and eliminates feces. (Chapter 11.2)

Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx, typically resulting in huskiness or loss of one’s voice and a cough. (Chapter 6.2)

Larynx: Formed by several pieces of cartilage, it contains the vocal cords that allow for speech. (Chapter 6.2)

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): A type of diabetes that starts in adulthood and slowly gets worse over time. (Chapter 7.5)

Lateral malleolus: The bony protrusion on the lateral side of the ankle. (Chapter 10.2)

Latissimus dorsi: A large muscle in the back. (Chapter 10.2)

Leukocytes: White blood cells (WBCs). (Chapter 3.2)

Leukopenia: An abnormally low number of circulating white blood cells (WBC). (Chapter 3.11)

Licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/VN): A nurse who has completed a state-approved practical nursing program, successfully passed the NCLEX-PN, and received an LPN or LVN license. LPN/VNs perform basic nursing care for stable clients under the supervision of an RN. (Chapter 1.1, Chapter 1.7)

Licensure: Process by which a State Board of Nursing (SBON) grants permission to an individual to engage in nursing practice, (Chapter 12.3)

Ligaments: Narrow bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect a bone to a bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Lipase: An enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats). (Chapter 11.2)

Lipogenesis: A process in which excess glucose is synthesized into triglycerides. (Chapter 7.2)

Lipolysis: A process in which stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol. (Chapter 7.2)

Liver: A large lobed organ in the abdomen, involved in digestion, metabolism, blood clotting, protein creation, and cleansing the blood of toxins. (Chapter 11.2)

Liver cirrhosis: Chronic liver damage that is characterized by the development of liver nodules and liver fibrosis. (Chapter 11.15)

Liver fibrosis: Stiffening/scarring of the liver. (Chapter 11.5)

Lobectomy: Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung. (Chapter 6.2)

Lobes: Smaller units within the lungs. (Chapter 6.2)

Local anesthesia: Medications used to numb a specific area of the body, typically near the surgical site. (Chapter 2.2)

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT): Prescribed for clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when oxygen saturation levels are 88% or less when at rest and in a stable clinical condition. (Chapter 6.6)

Lordosis: The inward curve of the lumbar spine just above the buttocks. (Chapter 10.10)

Lumbar: The five vertebrae that form the inner curvature of spine, L1 to L5. (Chapter 10.2)

Lungs: Organ of the respiratory system responsible for gas exchange. (Chapter 6.2)

Luteinizing hormone (LH): Plays a role in sexual development in children and in women and triggers ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary) during the menstrual cycle. (Chapter 7.2)

Lymph: A fluid that transports immune cells and waste products. (Chapter 4.2)

Lymphatic system: The system of vessels, cells, and organs that transports fluid called lymph to the bloodstream and also filters pathogens from the blood. (Chapter 4.2)

Lymphedema: The accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces. (Chapter 4.2)

Lymph node: Store immune system cells that help the body fight infection and also filter the lymph fluid to remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells. (Chapter 4.2)

Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights infection. (Chapter 4.2)

M

Macrophages: Created from monocytes, a type of white blood cell, and can destroy multiple pathogens. (Chapter 4.2)

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): The use of an MRI with contrast to see the bile ducts and assess disorders of the gallbladder, pancreas, or liver. (Chapter 11.3)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Uses magnet and radio waves to generate detailed images of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and soft tissues. (Chapter 10.3, Chapter 11.3)

Malar rash: Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose. (Chapter 4.6)

Malignant cells: Abnormal cells that have the ability to invade and harm tissues. (Chapter 4.1, Chapter 4.3)

Mandible: Lower jawbone and only movable bone of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Manubrium: The upper portion of the sternum. (Chapter 10.2)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A prioritization strategy based on foundational human needs with progressive steps moving towards higher levels of achievement. This hierarchy of needs is traditionally represented as a pyramid with the base of the pyramid serving as essential needs that must be addressed before one can progress to another area of need. (Chapter 1.9)

Maxillary: Upper jaw and hard palate. (Chapter 10.2)

Mechanical blockage: When something is physically blocking the inside of the bowel and inhibiting the passage of bowel contents. (Chapter 11.13)

Medial malleolus: The bony protrusion on the medial side of the ankle. (Chapter 10.2)

Megakaryocytes: Platelet-producing cells. (Chapter 3.10)

Melatonin: Hormone that affects reproductive development and daily circadian rhythms. (Chapter 7.2)

Melena: Dark, tarry stools. (Chapter 5.12, Chapter 11.3)

Meninges: Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord called the pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater. (Chapter 9.2)

Meningitis:  An infectious inflammatory process that involves the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 9.8)

Metabolic acidosis: A pH level below 7.35 and an HCO3 level below 22. (Chapter 8.2)

Metabolic alkalosis: A pH above 7.45 and an HCO3 level above 26. (Chapter 8.2)

Metabolic syndrome: A group of conditions that increase the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. (Chapter 7.5)

Metacarpals: Wrist bones. (Chapter 10.2)

Metastasize: The spread of cancerous cells through the blood or lymphatic system to different areas of the body. (Chapter 4.3)

Metatarsals: Bones of the anterior half of the foot. (Chapter 10.2)

Migraine: A type of headache characterized by recurrent attacks of moderate to severe throbbing and pulsating pain on one side of the head. (Chapter 9.12)

Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE): A common neuropsychological test that assesses five major cognitive areas, including orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and speech-language-reading. (Chapter 9.5)

Modifiable risk factors: Risk factors that an individual can control through their actions, behavior, or lifestyle choices. (Chapter 5.3)

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC): The administration of IV sedation and pain management for clients undergoing certain procedures. The anesthesia provider continuously monitors the client’s vital signs and level of consciousness throughout the procedure. (Chapter 2.2)

Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic disease triggered by an immune-mediated response that leads to progressive demyelination in the CNS. (Chapter 9.10)

Murmurs: Abnormal heart sounds that may indicate valvular or structural heart abnormalities. (Chapter 5.3)

Muscle rigidity: Refers to resistance to passive limb movement. (Chapter 9.6)

Muscular dystrophy (MD): Refers to a group of diseases caused by abnormal muscle development due to gene mutations. (Chapter 10.10)

Myalgia: Muscle pain. (Chapter 10.10)

Myasthenia gravis (MG): A chronic, autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in voluntary muscles, including those required for breathing and swallowing. (Chapter 9.11, Chapter 10.10)

Myasthenic crisis: A medical emergency with respiratory failure due to respiratory muscle weakness. (Chapter 9.11)

Myelin sheath: Acts as insulation much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. (Chapter 9.2)

Myocardial infarction (MI): Commonly referred to as a “heart attack”; occurs when there is a sudden blockage within the coronary arteries. (Chapter 3.6, Chapter 5.7)

Myocardial ischemia: Also known as “heart attack.” Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries. (Chapter 5.3)

Myoclonic: A brief episode of jerking or stiffening of the extremities, either in muscle groups or isolated; contractions can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. (Chapter 9.7)

Myoclonus: Spasm of muscles. (Chapter 9.2)

Myopathy: Muscle weakness. (Chapter 7.5)

Myxedema coma: A severe, life-threatening emergency that represents the extreme end of the spectrum of hypothyroidism. (Chapter 7.6)

N

Nasal: Pair of bones that form the bridge of the nose. (Chapter 10.2)

Nasal septum: Separates the left and right sections of the nasal cavity. (Chapter 6.2)

National Council Licensure Examination for Practical Nurses (NCLEX-PN): The exam that nursing graduates must pass successfully to obtain their license and become a licensed practical nurse. (Chapter 12.2)

NCLEX-RN Test Plan: Provides a concise summary of the content and scope of the NCLEX exam and serves as an excellent guide for preparation. (Chapter 12.2)

Negative feedback loop: A regulatory mechanism that serves to maintain stability and homeostasis by counteracting changes in a physiological or environmental parameter. (Chapter 7.2)

Negative inotropic factors: Factors that increase contractility. (Chapter 5.2)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Medication administered before surgery or radiation to shrink tumors and make them more manageable for surgical removal or radiation treatment. (Chapter 4.3)

Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. (Chapter 8.11)

Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney and filters the blood, removes wastes, and balances fluid and electrolyte levels. (Chapter 8.2)

Nerve blocks: The injection of a local anesthetic into or around a single nerve or a group of nerves in the involved area. (Chapter 2.2)

Neurogenic pain: An intense burning or stinging sensation that may be constant or intermittent. (Chapter 9.12)

Neurons: Responsible for the communication that the nervous system provides. (Chapter 9.2)

Neuroreceptors: Receptors are specific for certain neurotransmitters, and the two fit together like a key and lock. (Chapter 9.2)

Neurosurgery: Surgery for the treatment of conditions affecting the nervous system, brain, and spinal cord. (Chapter 2.2)

Neurotransmitters: Cause an impulse to be transferred to a neuroreceptor on another neuron, muscle fiber, or other structure. (Chapter 9.2)

Neutropenia: An abnormally low level of neutrophils, which are important for fighting infections. (Chapter 3.11)

Neutrophils: The most abundant type of white blood cells. (Chapter 4.2)

Nocturia: Frequent urination at night. (Chapter 8.2)

Noninfectious cystitis: Cystitis from irritants such as certain chemicals (such as chemotherapy medications) or radiation exposure. (Chapter 8.7)

Nonmodifiable risk factors: Risk factors are those that cannot be changed. (Chapter 5.3)

Norepinephrine: A catecholamine produced by the adrenal medulla. (Chapter 7.7)

NPO: An abbreviation for “nil per os”; the Latin phrase that means “nothing by mouth.” (Chapter 11.3)

Nuclear medicine scans (Bone Scans): Bone scans involve injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which accumulates in areas of increased bone turnover or damage. (Chapter 10.3)

Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC): Allows nurses to practice in other NLC states with their original state’s practical nursing license without having to obtain additional licenses, contingent upon remaining a resident of that state. (Chapter 12.3)

Nurse Practice Act (NPA): Nursing regulations established by each state’s legislature that are enforced by the Board of Nursing. (Chapter 1.7)

Nurse residency programs: Provide additional professional development support for all newly licensed nurses but vary from institution to institution. Residency programs are structured to provide a variety of learning opportunities, including nursing skill development, peer networking, and mentorship. (Chapter 12.5)

Nursing assistants (NAs): A type of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) trained to function in a supportive role, regardless of title, to whom a nursing responsibility may be delegated. In some states, nursing assistants must complete a state-approved nursing assistant training program and successfully pass the state competency evaluation to become a certified nurse assistant (CNA) to work in long-term care centers. NAs provide basic care and help clients with activities of daily living. (Chapter 1.1)

Nursing team: The nursing team includes registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical/vocational nurses (LPN/VNs), and assistive personnel (AP). (Chapter 1.1)

Nystagmus: Rapid, uncontrollable eye movements. (Chapter 9.7)

O

Oblique fracture: Bone is broken at an angle. (Chapter 10.6)

Obstetric/gynecological surgery: Surgical procedures related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the female reproductive organs. (Chapter 2.2)

Occipital: Posterior skull and base of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or irregular menstrual periods. (Chapter 7.7)

Oliguria: Decreased urine output, defined as less than 500 mL of urine in adults in a 24-hour period. (Chapter 8.2)

Oncogene activation: Occurs when specific genes within a cell’s normal makeup become replicated out of control due to loss of cellular regulation or exposure to carcinogenic agents. (Chapter 4.3)

Oncogenes: Substances that promote cell growth. (Chapter 4.3)

Oncological emergencies: A variety of emergency conditions that can arise in a client with cancer. These emergencies can be related to metabolic changes in the body that are associated with cancer, structural changes in which a cancerous tumor is impinging on other organs or structures, or a result of cancer treatment. (Chapter 4.3)

Oncotic pressure: Colloidal pressure that is created by the protein content of the blood that helps hold water inside of capillaries. (Chapter 8.2)

Onycholysis: Separation of fingernails from the nail bed. (Chapter 7.6)

Open or compound fracture: Broken bone penetrates the skin, or there’s an open wound leading to the fracture site. (Chapter 10.6)

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF): Involves the surgical realignment of the fractured bones using screws, plates, or rods to stabilize and hold them in place while they heal. (Chapter 10.6)

Open surgical repair: An operation where the aneurysm is directly accessed, and a graft is sewn into place to replace the weakened section of the artery. (Chapter 5.12)

Oral cavity: The mouth area, encompassing the lips, cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. (Chapter 11.2)

Oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT): Evaluates the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels, especially after consuming a high dose of glucose. (Chapter 7.5)

Orientation: May last anywhere from one to four months but can be longer depending on the specialty. Orientation is based on the new nurse’s demonstration and completion of competencies. During this time, the novice nurse will work with a preceptor. (Chapter 12.5)

Orthopedic surgery: Surgery related to the musculoskeletal system, dealing with bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. (Chapter 2.2)

Orthopnea: Shortness of breath when lying flat. (Chapter 5.3, Chapter 5.8)

Osler’s nodes: Tender subcutaneous nodules often found on the fingertips. (Chapter 5.13)

Osmoreceptors: Specialized sensory neurons or cells that are responsible for detecting changes in osmotic pressure within the body. (Chapter 7.2)

Osmosis: The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane that is impermeable to a solute. (Chapter 8.2)

Osteoarthritis (OA): A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone changes. (Chapter 10.7)

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells. (Chapter 10.2)

Osteoclasts: Cells responsible for bone breakdown. (Chapter 10.2)

Osteocytes: Mature bone cells. (Chapter 10.2)

Osteomyelitis: An infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. (Chapter 10.10)

Osteonecrosis: Bone death. (Chapter 3.8)

Osteopenia: Abnormal reduction of bone mass. (Chapter 10.2, Chapter 10.8)

Osteoporosis: A progressive bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures. (Chapter 10.2, Chapter 10.8)

Outpatient/ambulatory surgery: Surgery requiring the client to go to the surgical area on the day of the surgery and return home the same day; also known as “same-day surgery.” (Chapter 2.2)

Outpatient clinic surgical setting: Surgery performed in health care facilities where clients receive medical care or procedures without requiring hospitalization. (Chapter 2.2)

Overflow incontinence: Continuous or intermittent leakage of small amounts of urine due to incomplete bladder emptying. (Chapter 8.10)

Oxytocin: Stimulates labor contractions and lactation after delivery. (Chapter 7.2)

P

Palatine: Pair of L-shaped bones between the maxilla and the sphenoid that form the hard palate, walls of the nasal cavity, and orbital floor of the eye. (Chapter 10.2)

Palliative surgery: Surgery performed to alleviate symptoms, reduce pain, or improve the client’s comfort without curing the disease. (Chapter 2.2, Chapter 4.3)

Pancreas: A large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and hormones into the blood. (Chapter 7.2, Chapter 11.2)

Pancreatic juice: Digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas and delivered to the duodenum. (Chapter 11.2)

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas. (Chapter 11.15)

Pancytopenia: A reduction in all three major blood cell types and occurs when the bone marrow fails to produce an adequate number of blood cells, leading to a decrease in circulating levels in the bloodstream. (Chapter 3.12)

Paralysis: Occurs when an injury or medical condition disrupts the nerve signals to the muscles, resulting in being unable to make voluntary movements. (Chapter 10.10)

Paralytic ileus: Temporary paralysis of the intestines, leading to the absence of bowel sounds and inability to pass flatus or stool. (Chapter 2.5)

Paraplegia: An injury that occurs lower on the spinal cord may only affect the lower body and legs. (Chapter 9.12)

Parathyroid glands: Four small masses of tissue are embedded on the surface of the thyroid gland. (Chapter 7.2)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Maintains homeostasis between calcium and phosphorus via a negative feedback loop. (Chapter 7.2, Chapter 7.8)

Paresthesia: Symptoms including pain, tingling, and numbness. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 9.10)

Parietal: Upper lateral sides of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Parietal cells: Cells found in the glands of the stomach that produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. (Chapter 11.2)

Parkinson’s disease (PD): A common, progressive neurological movement disorder of older adults that eventually leads to disability. (Chapter 9.6)

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: Sudden nighttime breathlessness. (Chapter 5.3)

Partial seizures: Also known as focal seizures; occur within one cerebral hemisphere of the brain. (Chapter 9.7)

Passive-avoidant leadership: Similar to laissez-faire leadership; the leader avoids taking responsibility and confronting others. (Chapter 1.3)

Passive immunity: The transfer of immunity due to antibodies that are produced in a body other than one’s own. (Chapter 4.2)

Patella: Kneecap. (Chapter 10.2)

Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause infection. (Chapter 4.2)

Pathologic fracture: A fracture that occurs due to disease process. (Chapter 10.6)

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR): Measures the rate of air that can be forcefully breathed out of the lungs. (Chapter 6.5)

Peak flow monitoring: Involves a handheld device called a peak flow meter that measures the rate of air that can be forcefully breathed out of the lungs. (Chapter 6.5)

Pectoralis major: A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the chest. (Chapter 10.2)

Pectus carinatum: Protrusion of the chest. (Chapter 5.3)

Pectus excavatum: Depression of the chest. (Chapter 5.3)

Pelvic girdle: Structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, the coccyx. (Chapter 10.2)

Pepsin: A digestive enzyme that breaks down protein; formed when pepsinogen is exposed to acid. (Chapter 11.2)

Peptic ulcer disease: Characterized by erosions or ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. (Chapter 11.10)

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: The removal of larger stones from the kidney using a nephroscope inserted through a small incision in the back. (Chapter 8.11)

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA): A minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into a narrowed artery and a balloon is inflated to compress the plaque and widen the artery. (Chapter 5.9)

Perfusion: The passage of blood through the blood vessels. (Chapter 5.2, Chapter 6.2)

Pericardial friction rub: A high-pitched, scratchy sound that occurs when the inflamed pericardial layers rub against each other. (Chapter 5.3)

Perioperative care: A client’s surgical experience. (Chapter 2.1)

Peripheral artery disease (PAD): A type of atherosclerosis in which narrowed or blocked arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs; also known as peripheral vascular disease (PVD). (Chapter 5.9)

Peripheral blood smear: A test that can be used to diagnose SCD where a thin layer of cells is examined under a microscope to determine the shape of red blood cells. (Chapter 3.8)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): The remaining parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the cranial nerves that branch out from the brain and the spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord. (Chapter 9.2)

Peripheral neuropathy: Numbness or tingling in extremities. (Chapter 3.9)

Peristalsis: The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the gastrointestinal system, creating wave-like movements that push food forward. (Chapter 11.2)

Peritoneal dialysis: Dialysis using the peritoneum, a membrane lining the abdominal cavity, as a natural filter. (Chapter 8.5)

Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of the abdominal organs. (Chapter 11.5)

Pernicious anemia: A type of vitamin B12 anemia and an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are formed that attack intrinsic factors or the cells that produce intrinsic factors. (Chapter 3.7)

Personal protective equipment (PPE): Barriers between the health care provider and hazardous substances to prevent direct contact and reduce the potential for exposure. (Chapter 4.3)

Pessaries: Medical devices inserted into the vagina to support the bladder or urethra in cases of stress incontinence. (Chapter 8.10)

Petechiae: Tiny red spots on skin. (Chapter 3.10, Chapter 3.12)

Phagocytosis: The process of specific white blood cells engulfing and destroying pathogens. (Chapter 3.2, Chapter 4.2)

Phalanges: Fingers (and toes). (Chapter 10.2)

Phalanx: Single finger. (Chapter 10.2)

Phantom limb pain: Refers to the sensation of pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb. (Chapter 10.5)

Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx. (Chapter 6.2, Chapter 6.11)

Pharynx: The muscular tube extending from the back of the nasal cavities and the mouth to the esophagus; known as the throat. (Chapter 6.2, Chapter 11.2)

Pia mater: Meninge that serves as the delicate inner layer. (Chapter 9.2)

Pica: Craving and consumption of non-food items (e.g., ice, clay, dirt). (Chapter 3.6)

Pill-rolling: A repetitive, constant, slow-turning motion between the forearm, hand, and thumb. (Chapter 9.6)

Pineal gland: A small cone-shaped structure that extends posteriorly from a ventricle of the brain. (Chapter 7.2)

Pituitary gland: Gland located at the base of the brain which makes, stores, and releases hormones. (Chapter 7.2)

Plasmapheresis: A process in which the client’s plasma and plasma components are removed, including the antibodies and then the cleansed plasma is returned to the client or replaced with donor plasma. (Chapter 3.9, Chapter 8.9, Chapter 9.11)

Plasmin: An enzyme that is responsible for breaking down fibrin, the mesh-like structure of a blood clot. (Chapter 3.2)

Platelet aggregation: Platelets stick together. (Chapter 3.2)

Platelet plug: Occurs when activated platelets stick together at the site of an injury, which helps to temporarily seal the wound. (Chapter 3.2)

Platelets: Assist in blood clotting and release growth factors to repair and heal tissue; also called thrombocytes. (Chapter 3.2)

Pleural cavity: Area between the two membranes of the lung. (Chapter 6.2)

Pleural effusion: Excessive fluid between the pleural membranes caused by disease or trauma. (Chapter 4.6, Chapter 6.2)

Pleural fluid culture: A procedure where a health care provider uses a needle to take a sample of fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. (Chapter 6.7)

Pleural rub: The rubbing together of leather and can be heard on inspiration and expiration. (Chapter 6.2)

Pleuritic chest pain: Pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing. (Chapter 6.3)

Pleuritis: Inflammation of chest wall. (Chapter 4.6)

Pneumonia: Characterized by inflammation and infection within the alveoli, causing them to fill with fluid or purulent material, resulting in a productive cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 6.7)

Poikilothermia: Coolness in an affected limb. (Chapter 5.9)

Point of maximum impulse (PMI): The location where the apex of the heart touches the chest wall. (Chapter 5.3)

Polycythemia: A medical condition with an excessive number of abnormal red blood cells. (Chapter 3.9)

Polycythemia vera: A medical condition that results from an abnormal increase in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. (Chapter 3.9)

Polydipsia: Excessive thirst. (Chapter 7.5)

Polyphagia: Excessive hunger. (Chapter 7.5)

Polyuria: Greater than 2.5 liters of urine output over 24 hours; also referred to as diuresis. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 8.2)

Portfolio: A compilation of materials showcasing examples of previous work demonstrating one’s skills, qualifications, education, training, and experience. They can be submitted in electronic or paper form. (Chapter 12.4)

Positive inotropic factors: Factors that increase contractility. (Chapter 5.2)

Posterior pituitary gland: Gland which secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus called oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). (Chapter 7.2)

Postictal: Time after the seizure. (Chapter 9.7)

Postictal phase: The recovery period after the seizure. (Chapter 9.7)

Postoperative period: The phase of client care that occurs after a surgical procedure. (Chapter 2.5)

Postural disturbances: Characteristic posture is caused by the forward flexion of the neck, hips, knees, and elbows. (Chapter 9.6)

Preceptors: Experienced and competent nurses who serve as a role model and a resource to a newly hired nurse. (Chapter 12.5)

Precordium: Area over the heart. (Chapter 5.3)

Preload: End diastolic volume. (Chapter 5.2)

Preoperative period: The phase of client care that occurs before a surgical procedure. (Chapter 2.3)

Primary hypertension: The most common type of hypertension that typically has no identifiable cause. It tends to develop gradually over time and is influenced by various risk factors such as genetics, age, race, diet, lifestyle, and stress. (Chapter 5.5)

Primary prevention: Strategies aimed at preventing the initial occurrence of cancer. (Chapter 4.3)

Primary progressive MS: The type of MS that causes a steady and gradual neurologic deterioration without remission of symptoms. (Chapter 9.10)

Prioritization: The ability to assess a client or a group of clients and determine what is critical, what is important, and what is time-sensitive to establish a preferential order of nursing actions. (Chapter 1.9)

Processus vaginalis: Forms in fetal development. In males it aids in the descent of the testicles through the inguinal canal, and in females it plays a role in the development of the round ligament. (Chapter 11.14)

Prodromal or preictal phase: Sensations or behavior changes that precede a seizure. (Chapter 9.7)

Progesterone: Hormone that causes the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy. (Chapter 7.2)

Progressive-relapsing MS: A type of MS in which clients may have frequent relapses with partial recovery, but they do not return to baseline. (Chapter 9.10)

Prolactin: Stimulates breast development and milk production in females. (Chapter 7.2)

Prosthesis: An artificial body part. (Chapter 10.5)

Proteinuria: Protein in urine. (Chapter 4.6)

Protuberant: Convex or bulging appearance of the abdomen. (Chapter 11.3)

Pruritus: Itchy skin; a common symptom of kidney failure. (Chapter 3.9, Chapter 8.2)

Psychosis: A mental health disorder characterized by inappropriate affect and impaired thinking and perception that can be caused by surgery and/or anesthesia. (Chapter 2.5)

Ptosis: Drooping of the eyelids. (Chapter 9.11)

Pubis: Forms the anterior portion of the hip bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Pulmonary circulation: The flow of blood in the lungs. (Chapter 6.2)

Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in alveoli; often caused by heart failure or kidney failure. (Chapter 6.2)

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): Group of noninvasive diagnostic tests that assess the function of the respiratory system. (Chapter 6.3)

Pulmonary rehabilitation: A supervised program that includes exercise training, health education, and breathing techniques for people who have chronic lung conditions. (Chapter 6.6)

Pulsatile tinnitus: Rhythmic pulsing sound in the ear. (Chapter 3.9)

Pulse: Expansion and recoiling of the arterial wall. (Chapter 5.2)

Purpura: Purple or red spots on skin. (Chapter 3.10)

Pursed-lip breathing: A technique that decreases dyspnea by teaching people to control their oxygenation and ventilation. (Chapter 6.3)

Pyelonephritis: Bacterial infection that typically starts as a urinary tract infection (UTI) that progresses up the ureters to the kidneys. (Chapter 8.7, Chapter 8.8)

Pyloric sphincter: A ring of smooth muscle at the end of the stomach, regulating the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine. (Chapter 11.2)

Pyuria: White blood cells in a urine sample indicating infection. In severe infections, pus may be visible in the urine. (Chapter 8.2)

Q

Quadriceps: A large muscle group on the front of the thigh. (Chapter 10.2)

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS): Measures bone density at peripheral sites such as the heel with sound waves. (Chapter 10.8)

R

Radiation therapy: Therapy using high-energy rays or particles to target and damage cancer cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Radical prostatectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the prostate, surrounding tissue, and seminal vesicles. (Chapter 8.13)

Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy: A common treatment for hyperthyroidism in conditions like Graves’ disease that utilizes radioactive iodine. (Chapter 7.6)

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): A minimally invasive procedure that uses radiofrequency energy to heat and destroy thyroid nodules or hyperactive tissue. (Chapter 7.6)

Radius: The thumb side of the forearm. (Chapter 10.2)

Rales: Also called fine crackles; popping or crackling sounds heard on inspiration. (Chapter 6.2)

Random blood glucose: Measures the level of glucose in the blood at any given time, without the requirement for fasting. (Chapter 7.5)

Ratio-based staffing models: A strategy for making patient assignments where each nurse or UAP is assigned care for a set number of clients during their shift. (Chapter 1.9)

Rebound tenderness: Pain when hand is withdrawn during palpation. (Chapter 11.3, Chapter 11.5)

Reconstructive/restorative surgery: Surgery performed to restore form and function after injury, disease, or previous surgical procedures. (Chapter 2.2)

Rectum: The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. (Chapter 11.2)

Rectus abdominis: A paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the abdomen. (Chapter 10.2)

Red blood cells (RBCs): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and the lungs; also called erythrocytes. (Chapter 3.2)

Reducible hernia: When a hernia and its contents can be pushed back into their normal anatomical space. (Chapter 11.14)

Regional anesthesia: Medications used to numb a large area of the body, such as an entire limb or a section of the body, by blocking the nerve signals in that region. (Chapter 2.2)

Registered nurse (RN): A nurse who has completed a required program of study, successfully passed the NCLEX-RN, and received an RN nursing license. RNs utilize the nursing process in the execution of general nursing procedures in the maintenance of health, prevention of illness, or care of the ill. The nursing process consists of the steps of assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation of interventions, and evaluation. (Chapter 1.1, Chapter 1.7)

Regurgitation: Refers to backwards flow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus or mouth. (Chapter 11.9)

Relapsing-remitting MS:  The most common type of MS characterized by exacerbations that cause new or worsening neurological symptoms following by periods of partial or complete recovery. (Chapter 9.10)

Resonant leaders: Leaders who are in tune with the emotions of those around them, use empathy, and manage their own emotions effectively. Resonant leaders build strong, trusting relationships and create a climate of optimism that inspires commitment even in the face of adversity. (Chapter 1.3)

Respiratory arrest: Cessation of breathing. (Chapter 6.3)

Respiratory rate: The number of breaths taken per minute. (Chapter 6.2)

Resting tremors: Tremors that disappear with purposeful, voluntary movement, but become apparent when the person’s extremities are motionless. (Chapter 9.6)

Resume: A document that highlights one’s background, education, skills, and accomplishments to potential employers. (Chapter 12.4)

Retinopathy: Inflammation of the retina affecting vision. (Chapter 4.6)

Rhabdomyolysis: Refers to the breakdown of muscles that causes damage to the kidney. (Chapter 10.10)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A chronic and systemic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the synovial tissue. (Chapter 10.9)

Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucosa. (Chapter 6.2)

Rhinorrhagia: Bleeding from the nose. (Chapter 6.2)

Rhinorrhea: Commonly referred to as a “runny nose”; medical term for excess mucus production by the nasal cavities. (Chapter 6.2)

Rhinoviruses: The most common cause of the common cold and are responsible for a large proportion of upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (Chapter 6.10)

Rhonchi: Also referred to as coarse crackles; low-pitched, continuous sounds heard on expiration that are a sign of turbulent airflow through mucus in the large airways. (Chapter 6.2)

Rigidity: Involuntary contraction of the abdominal musculature in response to peritoneal inflammation. (Chapter 11.3)

Rome IV criteria: A set of diagnostic criteria utilized to help diagnose IBS. (Chapter 11.12)

Rotator cuff: A group of muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder. (Chapter 10.2)

Roth spots: Retinal hemorrhages that are visible on fundoscopy. (Chapter 5.13)

RSV: A common cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children, is characterized by symptoms similar to the common cold, including coughing, sneezing, and fever. (Chapter 6.10)

S

S1: The first heart sound, often described as “lub,” that corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves (i.e., the mitral and tricuspid valves). (Chapter 5.3)

S2: The second heart sound, described as “dub,” that corresponds to the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic valves). (Chapter 5.3)

S3: A low frequency heart sound, known as a ventricular gallop, that is heard shortly after the S2 and precedes S1. (Chapter 5.3)

S4: A sound heard late in the cardiac cycle, just before S1; known as an atrial gallop. (Chapter 5.3)

Sacrum: The triangular-shaped bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, a process that does not begin until after the age of 20. (Chapter 10.2)

Salivary glands: Small glands in the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue that secrete saliva directly into the oral cavity or indirectly through salivary ducts. (Chapter 11.2)

Scaphoid: Sunken appearance. (Chapter 11.3)

Scapula: Shoulder blade. (Chapter 10.2)

Scoliosis: A sideways curve of the spine. (Chapter 10.10)

Secondary hypertension: Hypertension that occurs as the result of an underlying medical condition or medication. (Chapter 5.5)

Secondary prevention: Strategies focused on early detection and intervention to identify cancer at an early stage. (Chapter 4.3)

Secondary progressive MS: A type of MS that develops following a relapsing-remitting course in which neurologic function and disability worsen progressively over time. (Chapter 9.10)

Segmental pressure measurements: Blood pressure readings at multiple levels along the limbs (e.g., thigh, calf, ankle) to help identify specific locations of arterial narrowing or blockage. (Chapter 5.9)

Segmentation: The mechanical mixing of food with digestive juices. (Chapter 11.2)

Seizure: The abnormal transient discharges of neurons within the brain that are sudden, excessive, and uncontrolled. (Chapter 9.7)

Seizure triggers: Conditions that can provoke seizures in people diagnosed with epilepsy and taking medications. (Chapter 9.7)

Servant leadership: The leader focuses on the professional growth of employees while simultaneously promoting improved quality care through a combination of interprofessional teamwork and shared decision-making. (Chapter 1.3)

Set test: A neurological test for clients who are unable to read in which the client is asked to name ten items in each of four sets: fruits, animals, colors, and twins. (Chapter 9.5)

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL): A medical procedure that utilizes shock waves to break larger stones into smaller fragments, making them easier to pass through the urinary tract. (Chapter 8.11)

Shuffling gait: Compensatory movement for postural disturbance in which individuals move their feet forward under the body’s center of gravity. (Chapter 9.6)

Sickle cell disease: A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, leading to the formation of sickle-shaped cells instead of the usual biconcave disc-shaped cells. (Chapter 3.8)

Sigmoid colon: The last part of the colon that leads into the rectum; shaped like an “S.” (Chapter 11.2)

Simple partial seizure: A seizure in which the client remains conscious throughout. (Chapter 9.7)

Sinoatrial (SA) node: Establishes normal cardiac rhythm within the heart. (Chapter 5.2)

Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinus cavities. (Chapter 6.2, Chapter 6.11)

Sinus rhythm: Normal electrical pattern of the heart. (Chapter 5.2)

Six P’s: Acronym to describe warning signs of acute compartment syndrome. (Chapter 10.6)

Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscle that produces movement of the arms, legs, back, neck, and maintains posture by resisting gravity. (Chapter 10.2)

Skip lesions: Lesions that have normal areas of bowel between them; a hallmark symptom of Crohn’s disease. (Chapter 1.11)

Skull fracture: Cracks in one or more of the bones that form the skull. (Chapter 9.12)

Small intestine: The part of the intestine where most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs, extending between the stomach and large intestine. (Chapter 11.2)

Smooth muscle: Muscle which is responsible for involuntary muscle movement. (Chapter 10.2)

Somatostatin: Slows down the secretion of insulin and glucagon when needed to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. (Chapter 7.2)

Spastic: The muscles tighten, causing uncontrollable jerks and spasms. (Chapter 10.10)

Spasticity: Stiff muscles. (Chapter 10.10)

Sphenoid: Posterior eye sockets and part of the base of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Sphincters: Circular muscles constricting an orifice. (Chapter 8.2)

Spinal blocks: Anesthetic medications injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space, providing anesthesia for lower abdominal surgeries, pelvic procedures, hip, and knee surgeries. (Chapter 2.2)

Spinal cord injury (SCI): Refers to damage to the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain. (Chapter 9.12)

Spinal nerves: Named based on the level of the spinal cord where they emerge. (Chapter 9.2)

Spinal stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. (Chapter 9.12)

Spiral fracture: Bone has twisted apart. (Chapter 10.6)

Spirometry: Diagnostic testing that provides information about lung volume and airflow resistance. (Chapter 6.3)

Spleen: Stores and filters red blood cells and functions as the location of immune responses to blood-borne pathogens. (Chapter 4.2)

Splenectomy: Surgical removal of the spleen. (Chapter 3.2)

Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. (Chapter 3.2)

Splinter hemorrhages: Linear hemorrhages under the nails. (Chapter 5.13)

Sprain: An injury to a joint when a ligament is stretched or torn. (Chapter 10.10)

Sputum: Mucus secretions that can be expelled through the mouth. (Chapter 6.2, Chapter 6.3)

Staging: Completed by a health care provider to determine how big a tumor is and whether or not it has metastasized to other parts of the body. (Chapter 4.3)

Status asthmaticus: A severe and life-threatening asthma attack that is unresponsive to standard treatments such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids. (Chapter 6.5)

Status epilepticus: Refers to a seizure lasting more than five minutes or two more sequential seizures without full recovery of consciousness between the seizures. (Chapter 9.7)

Steatorrhea: The excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces. (Chapter 11.2)

Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells with the unique ability to differentiate into different cell types. (Chapter 4.3)

Stem cell treatment: Treatment that encompasses various techniques and focuses on using stem cells to replace damaged tissues, enhance the body’s natural healing processes, and combat cancerous growth. (Chapter 4.3)

Stent: Insertion of a small mesh tube to help expand an artery. (Chapter 5.3)

Sternum: The breastbone. (Chapter 10.2)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome: A rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes. (Chapter 9.7)

Stomach: A sac-like organ of the digestive system where food is mixed with gastric juice. (Chapter 11.2)

Stomatitis: A condition characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the oral mucous membranes due to the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. (Chapter 4.4)

Strain: An injury to a muscle or tendon from being overstretched or torn, causing pain. (Chapter 10.10)

Strangulated hernia: When a hernia undergoes a reduction in oxygen supply due to reduced blood flow; considered a medical emergency. (Chapter 11.14)

Stress fracture: Small crack in a bone. (Chapter 10.6)

Stress incontinence: Involuntary loss of urine due to weakened pelvic floor muscles, leading to leakage during physical activities, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. (Chapter 8.10)

Striae: White or silver markings from stretching of the skin; also known as stretch marks. (Chapter 7.7, Chapter 11.3)

Striated muscle: Muscle which contains functional units called sarcomeres. (Chapter 10.2)

Strictures: Narrowing. (Chapter 11.11)

Stridor: Heard only on inspiration; sound associated with obstruction of the trachea/upper airway. (Chapter 6.2)

Stroke volume (SV): The quantity of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with contraction of the heart muscle. (Chapter 5.2)

Subarachnoid space: The space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. (Chapter 9.2)

Subcutaneous emphysema: Occurs when air leaks from the pleural space into subcutaneous tissue, resulting in crepitus and swelling. (Chapter 6.3)

Subdural space: A space between the dura and the arachnoid mater, containing a thin layer of serous fluid. (Chapter 9.2)

Subluxation: Refers to partial dislocation of a joint resulting in structural displacement. (Chapter 10.10)

Subtotal thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of a portion of the thyroid gland. (Chapter 7.6)

Sudomotor neuropathy: Absence of sweating in the extremities that causes dry skin and can lead to foot ulcerations. (Chapter 7.5)

Sundowning: Increased confusion at night or when lighting is inadequate. (Chapter 9.5)

Superior vena cava syndrome: Compression of the superior vena cava by a cancerous tumor. (Chapter 4.3, Chapter 6.8)

Supervision: After delegating a task to another nursing team member, the nurse verifies and evaluates that the task was performed correctly, appropriately, safely, and competently. (Chapter 1.8)

Surfactant: Substance that keeps the lungs from collapsing. (Chapter 6.2)

Surgical time out: A purposeful pause before the procedure begins in which the surgical team confirms the procedure to be performed and the correct client. (Chapter 2.4)

Suture: The narrow fibrous joint found between the skull bones. (Chapter 10.2)

Swan-like deformity: A bending in (flexion) of the base of the finger, a straightening out (extension) of the middle joint, and a bending in (flexion) of the outermost joint. (Chapter 10.9)

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH): When cancerous tumors produce excessive antidiuretic hormone. Can also be caused by some chemotherapy medications. Leads to water retention. (Chapter 4.3)

Synovial fluid: The lubricating fluid found between synovial joints. (Chapter 10.2)

Synovial joints: Fully movable joints; have a fluid-filled space where two bones come together. (Chapter 10.2)

Synovial membrane: The lining or covering of synovial joints. (Chapter 10.2)

Systemic chemotherapy: Medications used to treat cancers that have spread to distant parts of the body that are effective against rapidly dividing cells. (Chapter 4.3)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various different organs and tissues in the body, characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. (Chapter 4.6)

Systole: Period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation. (Chapter 5.2)

T

Tachycardia: Heart rate over 100 beats per minute. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 3.6, Chapter 5.2, Chapter 5.3)

Tachypnea: Rapid respiratory rate. (Chapter 3.6, Chapter 6.2)

Tarsals: Bones of the posterior half of the foot. (Chapter 10.2)

T cells: Cells that destroy the body’s own cells that have been taken over by viruses or become cancerous. (Chapter 4.2)

Teletherapy: Therapy involving directing radiation beams from outside the body toward the tumor. (Chapter 4.3)

Temporal: Lower lateral sides of the skull. (Chapter 10.2)

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ): A hinge joint between the temporal bone and the mandible that allows for the opening, closing, protrusion, retraction, and lateral movement of the lower jaw. (Chapter 10.2)

Tendon: Narrow bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect a bone to a bone. (Chapter 10.2)

Tendonitis: Refers to inflammation of a tendon, causing pain around a joint. (Chapter 10.10)

Tenesmus: The frequent urge to have a bowel movement or the sensation that the bowels are not empty. (Chapter 11.11)

Tension pneumothorax: Occurs when pressure builds within the pleural space and compresses the lung. (Chapter 6.3)

Tertiary prevention: A type of prevention that focuses on managing symptoms, enhancing the quality of life, and reducing the risk of complications for someone who is diagnosed with cancer. (Chapter 4.3)

Testosterone: Hormone that is responsible for the growth and development of the male reproductive structures, increased skeletal and muscular growth, enlargement of the larynx, and growth and distribution of body hair. (Chapter 7.2)

Tetany: Involuntary contraction or spasm of muscles. (Chapter 7.6, Chapter 7.8)

Tetraplegia: Paralysis in most of the body and all limbs. (Chapter 9.12)

Thalamus: The relay center for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. (Chapter 9.2)

Third spacing: Abnormal accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces causing swelling within tissues. (Chapter 8.3)

Thoracentesis: Medical procedure performed as a diagnostic tool and to alleviate respiratory discomfort by aspirating pleural fluid (effusion) or air (pneumothorax) from the pleural space. (Chapter 6.3)

Thoracic: The 12 vertebrae that form the outward curvature of the spine, T1 to T12. (Chapter 10.2)

Thoracic cavity: Space inside the chest that contains the heart, lungs and other organs. (Chapter 6.2)

Thrills: Vibratory sensations over the precordium, particularly in areas where murmurs are suspected. (Chapter 5.3, Chapter 8.6)

Thrombocytes: Platelets. (Chapter 3.2)

Thrombocytopenia: A medical condition characterized by a decreased number of platelets in the blood. (Chapter 3.10)

Thrombopoietin: The growth factor that regulates platelet production. (Chapter 3.2)

Thymectomy: Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Chapter 9.11)

Thymus gland: An organ found in the space between the sternum and the aorta; place where immature T cells mature. (Chapter 4.2, Chapter 7.2)

Thyroid gland: A butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, just below the larynx. (Chapter 7.2)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone release by the thyroid gland. (Chapter 7.2, Chapter 7.6)

Thyroid storm: A severe state of hyperthyroidism that is a life-threatening medical condition. (Chapter 7.6)

Thyroxine (T4): A prohormone that is produced and secreted by the thyroid gland; serves as a precursor to triiodothyronine. (Chapter 7.6)

Tibia: The medial bone and main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, commonly called the shin. (Chapter 10.2)

Time management: Time management in nursing helps nurses organize and prioritize client care, internal administrative tasks, educational responsibilities, and personal needs and obligations. (Chapter 1.10)

Toe or partial foot amputation: Removal of toes or a part of the foot that preserves the foot structure, aiding in maintaining balance and mobility. (Chapter 10.5)

Tongue: A muscular organ in the mouth, aiding in ingestion, digestion, sensation of food, swallowing, and speaking. (Chapter 11.2)

Tonic: Usually lasts for 30 seconds to several minutes and involves an abrupt increase in muscle tone, loss of consciousness, and possible changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations. (Chapter 9.7)

Tonic-clonic: Last approximately 2-5 minutes; begins with a tonic phase with stiffening and rigidity of the muscles (typically of arms and legs) and then followed by immediate loss of consciousness and rhythmic jerking of all extremities. (Chapter 9.7)

Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils. (Chapter 6.11)

Tonsils: Lymphoid nodules located along the inner surface of the pharynx and are important in developing immunity to oral pathogens. (Chapter 4.2)

Total colectomy: Surgical removal of the entire colon. (Chapter 11.11)

Total thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the entire thyroid gland. (Chapter 7.6)

Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Extensive exfoliation of the epidermis and mucous membrane, which may result in sepsis and death. (Chapter 9.7)

Trachea: Formed by stacked C-shaped pieces of cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue. (Chapter 6.2)

Tracheostomy: An incision created in the trachea to create an artificial opening to allow breathing when an obstruction is present. (Chapter 6.2)

Traction: Application of a pulling force to the affected limb or body part using weights and pulleys to align and immobilize the fracture. (Chapter 10.6)

Transactional leadership: Both the leader and the follower receive something for their efforts; the leader gets the job done and the follower receives pay, recognition, rewards, or punishment based on how well they perform the tasks assigned to them. (Chapter 1.3)

Transesophageal echocardiogram: A invasive procedure that involves the insertion of an ultrasound probe via the esophagus to produce a more detailed ultrasound image of heart. (Chapter 5.3)

Transformational leadership: The leader motivates followers to perform beyond expectations by creating a sense of ownership in reaching a shared vision. It is characterized by a leader’s charismatic influence over team members and includes effective communication, valued relationships, and consideration of team member input. (Chapter 1.3)

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs): Temporary periods of symptoms similar to a stroke, but irreversible damage to the brain cells do not occur. (Chapter 9.9)

Transplantation surgery: Surgery that involves the replacement of a failed organ or tissue with a healthy organ or tissue from a donor. (Chapter 2.2)

Transthoracic echocardiogram: A noninvasive diagnostic test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create real-time images of the heart’s structure and function. (Chapter 5.3)

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using a resectoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a cutting tool) inserted through the urethra. (Chapter 8.13)

Transvenous pacemakers: Pacemakers inserted through a vein and threaded into the heart. (Chapter 5.3)

Transverse colon: The middle part of the colon that travels across the abdomen. (Chapter 11.2)

Transverse fracture: Bone is broken straight across. (Chapter 10.5)

Traumatic amputation: Amputation that occurs due to accidents, injuries, or severe trauma, resulting in the sudden loss of a limb. (Chapter 10.5)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI): Can be caused by a forceful bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body or from an object that pierces the skull and enters the brain. (Chapter 9.12)

Triceps brachii: Muscle on the posterior of the upper arm. (Chapter 10.2)

Triiodothyronine (T3): The active form of thyroid hormone, directly impacts the body’s metabolic rate by affecting the function of cells throughout the body. (Chapter 7.6)

Tropic hormones: Turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands. (Chapter 7.2)

Trousseau’s sign: A hand spasm caused by inflating a blood pressure cuff to a level above systolic pressure for three minutes. (Chapter 7.8)

True ribs: Ribs 1-7 that are attached to the front of the sternum. (Chapter 10.2)

Tuberculosis (TB): A contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Chapter 6.9)

Tumor lysis syndrome: Tumor cells break down in response to cancer treatment and release intracellular contents into the bloodstream. Can also occur spontaneously in some cancers. This disrupts the normal balance of electrolytes in the body. (Chapter 4.3)

Tumor suppressor genes: Genes that regulate cell growth and prevent mutations. (Chapter 4.3)

Turbidity: Cloudiness of urine caused by the presence of suspended particles that are not easily seen. (Chapter 8.3)

Type 1 diabetes: The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. (Chapter 7.5)

Type 2 diabetes: The body either becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or does not produce sufficient insulin to meet the body’s needs. (Chapter 7.5)

Type 1 Hypersensitivity (Immediate): The most common type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves rapid and excessive immune responses to harmless allergens. (Chapter 4.5)

Type 2 Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic): A hypersensitivity reaction that involves antibodies targeting antigens on cell surfaces, leading to the destruction or dysfunction of the affected cells. (Chapter 4.5)

Type 3 Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex): A hypersensitivity reaction that involves immune complexes formed between antibodies and soluble antigens that deposit in various tissues, leading to localized inflammation and tissue damage. (Chapter 4.5)

Type 4 Hypersensitivity (Delayed): A hypersensitivity reaction that involves cell-mediated immune responses mediated by T cells, causing inflammation and tissue damage. (Chapter 4.5)

Type 5 Stimulated (Autoimmune Reaction): A hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues as if they were foreign antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. (Chapter 4.5)

U

Ulna: The fifth finger side of the forearm. (Chapter 10.2)

Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the body. (Chapter 11.3)

Ultrasound imaging: Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues, tendons, and muscles. (Chapter 10.3)

Unclassified seizures: Seizures that occur for no known reason so are also known as idiopathic. (Chapter 9.7)

Unexpected versus expected conditions: A prioritization strategy that considers if a client’s signs and symptoms are “expected” or “unexpected” based on their overall condition. Unexpected conditions are findings that are not likely to occur in the normal progression of an illness, disease, or injury. Expected conditions are findings that are likely to occur or are anticipated in the course of an illness, disease, or injury. Unexpected findings often require immediate action by the nurse. (Chapter 1.9)

Universal time-out:  Before the start of any surgical procedure, the entire operating room team reviews the patient’s identity, the procedure, and the surgical site before surgical incision or the start of the procedure; designed by The Joint Commission to reduce the occurrence of wrong-site, wrong-procedure, and wrong-person surgery. (Chapter 2.4)

Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP): Any unlicensed personnel trained to function in a supportive role, regardless of title, to whom a nursing responsibility may be delegated. UAPs provide basic care and help clients with activities of daily living. (Chapter 1.1)

Upper respiratory infection (URI): Viral infection of the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. (Chapter 6.2)

Urea: A waste product made when the liver breaks down protein into amino acids, and then deamination converts the amino acids into ammonia, urea, or uric acid. (Chapter 8.2)

Uremia: Elevated urea and nitrogenous waste in the blood. (Chapter 8.5)

Uremic encephalopathy: A cerebral dysfunction caused by the accumulation of toxins resulting from acute or chronic kidney failure. (Chapter 8.3)

Uremic frost: Whitish coating of urea crystals on the skin when there is a significant buildup of urea in the bloodstream during severe kidney failure. (Chapter 8.5)

Ureter: The duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder. (Chapter 8.2)

Ureterolithiasis: Stones in the ureter(s). (Chapter 8.11)

Ureteroscopy: A medical procedure where a thin tube is passed through the urethra and bladder into the ureter to remove stones. (Chapter 8.11)

Urethra: Transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination. (Chapter 8.2)

Urge incontinence: Incontinence caused by a sudden, strong urge to urinate followed by involuntary loss of urine. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.10)

Urgency: A sensation of an urgent need to void. (Chapter 8.2)

Urinary retention: Inability of the bladder to completely empty, leaving residual urine in the bladder. (Chapter 2.5, Chapter 8.12)

Urinary system: Also referred to as the renal system or urinary tract; consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. (Chapter 8.2)

Urinate: The process of passing urine; also referred as void or micturate. (Chapter 8.2)

Urolithiasis: The formation of stones or calculi within the urinary tract. (Chapter 8.11)

Urological surgery: Surgery related to the urinary system and male reproductive organs. (Chapter 2.2)

Uvula: A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the throat. (Chapter 11.2)

V

Vaccine: An agent administered by injection, orally, or by nasal spray that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. (Chapter 4.2)

Varices: Enlarged veins in the esophagus that occur due to portal hypertension. (Chapter 11.15)

Veins: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart. (Chapter 5.2)

Venous insufficiency: A condition that occurs when the veins in the legs have difficulty returning blood back to the heart. (Chapter 5.10)

Venous reserve: Volume of venous blood located in venous networks within the liver, bone marrow, and integument. (Chapter 5.2)

Venous stasis: Slow blood flow in the veins, usually in the legs. (Chapter 5.8, Chapter 5.11)

Ventilation: The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs. (Chapter 6.2)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Refers to when someone gets pneumonia during or after being on a ventilator. (Chapter 6.7)

Ventral hernia: A hernia that occurs in the wall of the abdomen and is neither inguinal nor hiatal in origin. (Chapter 11.14)

Ventricles: Interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain. (Chapter 9.2)

Venules: Small veins. (Chapter 5.2)

Vertebrae: Bones of the back. (Chapter 10.2)

Vertebral column: Vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral disks. (Chapter 10.2)

Vertebroplasty: Involves the injection of cement into fractured vertebrae to stabilize the fracture areas. (Chapter 10.8)

Vibratory positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy: Therapy that uses handheld devices such as flutter valves or Acapella devices for clients who need assistance in clearing mucus from their airways. (Chapter 6.3, Chapter 6.7)

Villi: Small, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall, increasing the surface area for absorption. (Chapter 11.2)

Vitiligo: Loss of skin pigmentation. (Chapter 7.7)

Voluntary guarding: Voluntary contraction of abdominal wall musculature; may be related to fear, anxiety, or presence of cold hands. (Chapter 11.3)

Volvulus: A type of bowel obstruction caused by twisting of the intestines. (Chapter 11.13)

Vomer: Bone that separates the left and right nasal cavity. (Chapter 10.2)

V-Q mismatch: Hypoxia occurring due to inadequate ventilation or impaired perfusion. (Chapter 6.2)

V-Q scan: A diagnostic test used to assess lung function and rule out pulmonary embolism. (Chapter 6.3)

W

Watchful waiting: Refers to treatment used for older men whose prostate cancer is found during a screening test, but do not have signs or symptoms. (Chapter 8.13)

Wheezes: Whistling noises produced when air is forced through airways narrowed by bronchoconstriction or mucosal edema. (Chapter 6.2)

White blood cells: Provide immune function and body defenses against disease; also called leukocytes. (Chapter 3.2)

World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist: A tool designed to improve patient safety throughout the perioperative period. It serves as a standardized framework that helps health care teams ensure critical safety measures are consistently implemented before, during, and after surgery. (Chapter 2.2)

Wrist disarticulation: Amputation at the wrist joint. (Chapter 10.5)

X

Xiphoid process: The lower portion of the sternum made of cartilage. (Chapter 10.2)

Z

Zygomatic: Pair of cheekbones. (Chapter 10.2)