3.2 Blood Pressure Basics
What is Blood Pressure?
A blood pressure reading is the measurement of the force of blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. It is reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). This pressure changes in the arteries when the heart is contracting compared to when it is resting and filling with blood. Blood pressure is typically expressed as the reflection of two numbers, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure on the arteries during systole, the phase of the heartbeat when the ventricles contract. This is the top number of a blood pressure reading. Systole causes the ejection of blood out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The diastolic blood pressure is the resting pressure on the arteries during diastole, the phase between each contraction of the heart when the ventricles are filling with blood. This is the bottom number of the blood pressure reading.[1] Therefore, 120/80 indicates the systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure is 80 mm Hg.
Blood pressure measurements are obtained using a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer, also called a blood pressure cuff. To obtain a manual blood pressure reading, the blood pressure cuff is placed around a patient’s extremity, and a stethoscope is placed over an artery. For most blood pressure readings, the cuff is usually placed around the upper arm, and the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery. The cuff is inflated to constrict the artery until the pulse is no longer palpable, and then it is deflated slowly. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that the blood pressure cuff be inflated at least 30 mmHg above the point at which the radial pulse is no longer palpable. The first appearance of sounds, called Korotkoff sounds, are noted as the systolic blood pressure reading. Korotkoff sounds are named after Dr. Korotkoff, who first discovered the audible sounds of blood pressure when the arm is constricted.[2] The blood pressure cuff continues to be deflated until Korotkoff sounds disappear. The last Korotkoff sounds reflect the diastolic blood pressure reading.[3] It is important to deflate the cuff slowly at no more than 2-3 mmHg per second to ensure that the absence of pulse is noted promptly and that the reading is accurate. Blood pressure readings are documented as systolic blood pressure/diastolic pressure, for example, 120/80 mmHg.
Abnormal blood pressure readings can signify an area of concern and a need for intervention. Normal adult blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension is the medical term for elevated blood pressure readings of 130/80 mmHg or higher. See Table 3.2 for blood pressure categories according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines.[4] Prior to diagnosing a person with hypertension, the health care provider will calculate an average blood pressure based on two or more blood pressure readings obtained on two or more occasions.
For more information about hypertension and blood pressure medications, visit the “Cardiovascular and Renal System” chapter in Open RN Nursing Pharmacology.
Hypotension is the medical term for low blood pressure readings less than 90/60 mmHg.[5] Hypotension can be caused by dehydration, bleeding, cardiac conditions, and the side effects of many medications. Hypotension can be of significant concern because of the potential lack of perfusion to critical organs when blood pressures are low. Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when moving from a lying down (supine) or seated position to a standing (upright) position. When measuring blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension is defined as a decrease in blood pressure by at least 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic within three minutes of standing. When a person stands, gravity moves blood from the upper body to the lower limbs. As a result, there is a temporary reduction in the amount of blood in the upper body for the heart to pump, which decreases blood pressure. Normally, the body quickly counteracts the force of gravity and maintains stable blood pressure and blood flow. In most people, this transient drop in blood pressure goes unnoticed. However, some patients with orthostatic hypotension can experience light-headedness, dizziness, or fainting. This is a significant safety concern because of the increased risk of falls and injury, particularly in older adults.[6] Orthostatic hypotension is also commonly referred to a postural hypotension. When obtaining orthostatic vital signs, the pulse rate may also be collected. If the pulse increases by 30 beats/minute or more while the patient stands (or sits if unable to stand), this indicates a significant change.
Perform the following actions when obtaining orthostatic vital signs:
- Have the patient stand upright for 1 minute if able.
- Obtain the blood pressure measurement while the patient stands using the same arm and the same equipment as the previous measurement that was taken with patient lying or sitting.
- Obtain the radial pulse again.
- Repeat the blood pressure and radial pulse measurements again at 3 minutes. Waiting several minutes before repeating the measurements allows time for the autonomic nervous system to compensate for blood volume shifts after position change in the patient without orthostatic hypotension.
- If the patient has symptoms that suggest orthostatic hypotension but doesn’t have documented orthostatic hypotension, repeat blood pressure measurement.
Tip: Some patients may not demonstrate significant decreases in blood pressure until they stand for more than 3 minutes.
Table 3.2 Blood Pressure Categories[7]
| Blood Pressure Category | Systolic mm Hg | Diastolic mm Hg |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | Less than 120 | Less than80 |
| Elevated | 120-129 | Less than 80 |
| Stage 1 | 130-139 | 80-89 |
| Stage 2 | 140 or higher | Greater or equal to 90 |
| Hypertensive Crisis | Greater than 180 | Greater than 120 |
View Ahmend Alzawi’s Korotkoff sounds video on YouTube.[8]
Equipment to Measure Blood Pressure
Manual Blood Pressure
A sphygmomanometer, commonly called a blood pressure cuff, is used to measure blood pressure while Korotkoff sounds are auscultated using a stethoscope. See Figure 3.1[9] for an image of a sphygmomanometer.
There are various sizes of blood pressure cuffs. It is crucial to select the appropriate size for the patient to obtain an accurate reading. An undersized cuff will cause an artificially high blood pressure reading, and an oversized cuff will produce an artificially low reading. See Figure 3.2[10] for an image of various sizes of blood pressure cuffs ranging in size for a large adult to an infant.
The width of the cuff should be 40% of the person’s arm circumference, and the length of the cuff’s bladder should be 80–100% of the person’s arm circumference. Keep in mind that only about half of the blood pressure cuff is the bladder and the other half is cloth with a hook and loop fastener to secure it around the arm.
View Ryerson University’s accurate blood pressure cuff sizing video on YouTube.[11]
Automatic Blood Pressure Equipment
Automatic blood pressure monitors are often used in health care settings to efficiently measure blood pressure for multiple patients or to repeatedly measure a single patient’s blood pressure at a specific frequency such as every 15 minutes. See Figure 3.3[12] for an image of an automatic blood pressure monitor. To use an automatic blood pressure monitor, appropriately position the patient and place the correctly sized blood pressure cuff on their bare arm or other extremity. Press the start button on the monitor. The cuff will automatically inflate and then deflate at a rate of 2 mmHg per second. The monitor digitally displays the blood pressure reading when done. If the blood pressure reading is unexpected, it is important to follow up by obtaining a reading using a manual blood pressure cuff. Additionally, automatic blood pressure monitors should not be used if the patient has a rapid or irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation, or has tremors as it may lead to an inaccurate reading.
- This work is a derivative of Vital Sign Measurement Across the Lifespan - 1st Canadian Edition by Ryerson University licensed under CC BY 4.0 ↵
- This work is a derivative of StatPearls by Campbell and Pillarisetty licensed under CC BY 4.0 ↵
- This work is a derivative of Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care by British Columbia Institute of Technology licensed under CC BY 4.0 ↵
- American College of Cardiology. Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S.., et al. (2018, May 7). 2017 guidelines for high blood pressure in adults. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/11/09/11/41/2017-guideline-for-high-blood-pressure-in-adults ↵
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). Low blood pressure. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/low-blood-pressure ↵
- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, June 23). Orthostatic hypotension. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/orthostatic-hypotension ↵
- American College of Cardiology. Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S.., et al. (2018, May 7). 2017 guidelines for high blood pressure in adults. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/11/09/11/41/2017-guideline-for-high-blood-pressure-in-adults ↵
- Alzawi, A. (2015, November 19). Korotkoff+blood+pressure+sights+and+sounds SD [Video]. YouTube. All rights reserved. https://youtu.be/UfCr_wUepxo ↵
- “Sphygmomanometer&Cuff.JPG” by ML5 is in the Public Domain. ↵
- “BP-Multiple-Cuff-Sizes.jpg” by British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://opentextbc.ca/vitalsign/chapter/how-is-blood-pressure-measured/ ↵
- Ryerson University. (2018, March 21). Blood pressure - Accurate cuff sizing [Video]. YouTube. All rights reserved. https://youtu.be/uNTMwoJTfFE ↵
- “Automatische bloeddrukmeter (0).jpg” by Harmid is in the Public Domain. ↵
The maximum pressure of blood on the arteries during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart referred to as systole.
The phase of the heartbeat when the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the arteries.
The resting pressure of blood on the arteries between each cardiac contraction.
The phase between each contraction of the heart when the ventricles are filling with blood.
An instrument for measuring blood pressure typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff.
The audible sounds of blood pressure named after Dr. Korotkoff who discovered them.
Elevated blood pressure over 130/80 mmHg in an adult.
Decreased blood pressure less than 90/60 mmHg in an adult.
A decrease in blood pressure by at least 20mmHg systolic or 10mmHg diastolic within three minutes of standing from a seated or lying position.