3.5 Health Disparities

Despite decades of promoting culturally competent care and the Patient’s Bill of Rights, disparities in health care continue. Vulnerable populations continue to experience increased prevalence and burden of diseases, as well as problems accessing quality health care. In 2003 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, sharing evidence that “bias, prejudice, and stereotyping on the part of health care providers may contribute to differences in care.”^[1] The health care system in the United States was shaped by the values and beliefs of mainstream white culture and originally designed to primarily serve English-speaking clients with financial resources.^[2] In addition, most health care professionals in the United States are members of the white culture and medical treatments tend to arise from that perspective.^[3],[4]

The term health disparities describes the differences in health outcomes resulting from entrenched economic, sociopolitical, or environmental factors, referred to as social determinants of health. Social determinants of health are conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes. Resources that enhance quality of life can have a significant influence on population health outcomes. Examples of resources include safe and affordable housing, access to education, public safety, availability of healthy foods, local emergency/health services, and environments free of life-threatening toxins.^[5]

Vulnerable populations experience increased prevalence and burden of diseases, as well as problems accessing quality health care because of social determinants of health. Health disparities negatively impact groups of people based on their ethnicity, gender, age, mental health, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, geographic location, or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.^[6] A related term is health care disparity that refers to differences in access to health care and insurance coverage. Health disparities and health care disparities can lead to decreased quality of life, increased personal costs, and lower life expectancy. More broadly, these disparities also translate to greater societal costs, such as the financial burden of uncontrolled chronic illnesses.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) releases an annual National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report that provides a comprehensive overview of the quality of health care received by the general U.S. population and disparities in care experienced by different racial and socioeconomic groups. Quality is described in terms of client safety, person-centered care, care coordination, effective treatment, healthy living, and care affordability. Although access to health care and quality have improved since 2000 in the wake of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the 2022 report shows continued disparities, especially for poor and uninsured populations^[7]:

• There was a decline in overall health expectancy in 2022 due to COVID, with a greater decline for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black group compared to non-Hispanic White groups.
• The percentage of people with health insurance coverage has increased greatly in the past decade. However, those gains vary by race and ethnicity, with Hispanic groups and Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native groups being significantly less likely to be insured.
• Disproportionately more rural counties than metropolitan counties are designated as primary care shortage areas.
• The United States has worse maternal health and health care than other industrialized
  nations with suboptimal maternal health outcomes for multiple measures, as well as considerable racial disparities for those measures.

There are several initiatives and agencies designed to combat the problem of health disparities in the United States. See Table 3.5 for a list of available resources to combat health disparities.

Table 3.5 Resources to Combat Health Disparities

Nurses are involved in advocating for community health and reducing health disparities. See the following box for an example of nurses addressing a community health care disparity during the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.

Nurses Addressing the Flint Michigan Water Crisis^[8]

In 2014 the water system in Flint, Michigan, was discovered to be contaminated with lead. The city’s children were found to have perilously elevated lead levels. Children from poor households were most affected by the crisis. Lead is a dangerous neurotoxin. Elevated lead levels are linked to slowed physical development; low IQ; problems with cognition, attention, and memory; and learning disabilities.

In Flint approximately 150 local nurses and nursing students answered the call, organizing and arranging educational seminars, as well as setting up lead testing clinics to determine who had been affected by the water contamination. A nursing student involved in the effort told CBS Detroit that this situation has illustrated that “the need for health care, the need for nursing, goes way outside the hospital walls.” See Figure 3.5^[9] for an image of the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.

 

Reflective Questions

1. What factors led to the children from poor households being so disproportionately harmed by this crisis?
2. What are ways that you as a nursing student and future nurse can make a difference for vulnerable or marginalized people?

Providing culturally responsive care is a key strategy for reducing health disparities.^[10] While there are multiple determinants contributing to a person’s health, nurses play an important role in reducing health disparities by providing a culturally sensitive environment, performing a cultural assessment, and providing culturally responsive care. These interventions will be further discussed in the following sections. On the other hand, a lack of culturally responsive care potentially contributes to miscommunication between the client and the nurse. The client may experience distress or loss of trust in the nurse or the health care system as a whole and may not adhere to prescribed treatments. Nurses are uniquely positioned to directly impact client outcomes as we work together to overcome health disparities.