4.1 Autonomic Nervous System Introduction
Learning Objectives
- Identify the classifications and actions of autonomic nervous system medications
- Give examples of when, how, and to whom autonomic nervous system medications may be administered
- Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with autonomic nervous system medications
- Include considerations and implications of using autonomic nervous system medications across the life span
- Include evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process related to medications that affect the autonomic nervous system
- Identify and interpret related laboratory tests
- Identify nursing responsibilities associated with health teaching and health promotion
Have you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat or your lungs to breathe? These are examples of involuntary responses the brain controls without the need for conscious thought. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works using a balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that regulate the body’s involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, and sweating. Many medications are used to control various cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conditions by acting on ANS receptors.
This chapter discusses the actions of ANS receptors and neurotransmitters and creates the knowledge base upon which the remainder of this book will build. Although the information in this chapter appears complex, it is a tool by which you will know the therapeutic effects and side effects of many classes of medications by understanding the effects that occur when specific ANS receptors are stimulated or inhibited. For example, by knowing a specific medication is classified as a “beta-blocker,” you will immediately know the actions of the drug are to slow the heart rate and lower the blood pressure. Additionally, if you know a medication is classified as an anticholinergic, you will immediately know the common side effects to monitor based on the mnemonic “SLUDGE” (Salivation decreased, Lacrimation decreased, Urinary retention, Drowsiness/dizziness, GI upset, Eyes (blurred vision/dry eyes).
Responses that the brain controls without the need for conscious thought.