XVI Glossary
Abscess: A localized collection of pus. (Chapter 16.3)
Acne vulgaris: Commonly known as acne; a common chronic skin condition in adolescents that can affect clients of any age. Acne is a result of androgens and the presence of the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes. (Chapter 16.22)
Amblyopia: A lazy or wandering eye. (Chapter 16.14, Chapter 16.22)
Atrial septal defect (ASD): A congenital heart defect in which there is a hole between the two atria of the heart. (Chapter 16.22)
Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelid. (Chapter 16.22)
Brudzinski’s sign: Tested by placing the client in the supine position, and the examiner places one hand behind their head and the other on their chest to prevent them from rising. The examiner then passively flexes the client’s neck. If the client’s hips and knees automatically flex, the test is considered positive and indicates meningeal irritation. (Chapter 16.13)
Bulla: A large fluid containing blister. (Chapter 16.3)
Carbuncle: A deep, pus-filled abscess generally formed from multiple furuncles. (Chapter 16.3)
Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin, including the dermis and subcutaneous layer. (Chapter 16.22)
Cerebral palsy (CP): A group of disorders that affects the ability to move and maintain balance and posture. (Chapter 16.22)
Cerumen: Earwax. (Chapter 16.16)
Cerumen impaction: Excessive earwax. (Chapter 16.3)
Chalazion: A noninfectious, inflammatory lesion of either the meibomian or Zeis glands of the eye. (Chapter 16.22)
Cleft lip: A failure of the lip tissue to join together during development, leading to an opening between the sides of the upper lip; often occurs with cleft palate. (Chapter 16.5)
Cleft palate: A congenital opening in the roof of the mouth; often occurs with cleft lip. (Chapter 16.5)
Cognitive Impairment: Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. (Chapter 16.22)
Color blindness: When colors are seen abnormally; also known as color deficiency. (Chapter 16.22)
Comedones: Skin lesions that are associated with acne; open comedones are known as blackheads, and closed comedones are known as whiteheads. (Chapter 16.22)
Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA): An infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that develops in a non-hospitalized client. (Chapter 16.22)
Congenital heart defect: A structural defect of the heart that is present at birth. (Chapter 16.22)
Conjunctiva: The clear mucous membrane that covers the eye and provides lubrication. (Chapter 16.6)
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye; commonly known as pink eye. (Chapter 16.6)
Constipation: Refers to difficult bowel movements or fewer than three bowel movements in the span of a week. (Chapter 16.7)
Crust: Dried fluids from a lesion on the surface of the skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Cyst: An encapsulated sac filled with fluid, semi-solid matter, or gas, typically located just below the upper layers of skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): A virus in the herpes family of viruses; has a wide range of symptoms leading from asymptomatic to death. (Chapter 16.22)
Dacryocystography: Imaging of the lacrimal system using contrast dye. (Chapter 16.14)
Dacryostenosis: An obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. (Chapter 16.14)
Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin. (Chapter 16.8)
Dermatophytes: A type of fungi that requires the keratin present in hair, nails, and skin to survive. (Chapter 16.20)
Dermis: The layer of skin underneath the epidermis. (Chapter 16.2)
Dermoscope: A handheld microscope used for visualizing the skin. (Chapter 16.19)
Diaper dermatitis: Also known as diaper rash; an inflammation of the skin in the diaper area. (Chapter 16.8)
Diarrhea: Caused by increased water content of stools, leading to three or more unformed or watery bowel movements per day. (Chapter 16.9)
Disimpaction: The removal of hard/dry stool from the colon. (Chapter 16.7)
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD): A severe form of muscular dystrophy that leads to progressive muscle breakdown and weakness. (Chapter 16.22)
Ecthyma: A subset of bullous impetigo that affects the deeper layers of skin. (Chapter 16.11)
Electroencephalogram: A tracing of brain activity. (Chapter 16.10)
Epidermis: The outermost layer of the skin. (Chapter 16.2)
Epiphora: Excessive eye watering. (Chapter 16.14)
Epistaxis: A nosebleed. (Chapter 16.22)
Erythema infectiosum: Also known as fifth disease; a common viral illness caused by parvovirus B19. (Chapter 16.22)
Erythema migrans: A round, red rash associated with Lyme disease that occurs at the site of the tick bite; at times the rash can look like a bullseye. (Chapter 16.12)
Exfoliation: Peeling of the skin. (Chapter 16.22)
Failure to thrive (FTT): The inability to gain weight appropriately or persistent weight loss. (Chapter 16.22)
Febrile seizure: A generalized seizure that occurs in pediatric clients between the ages of six months to five years old who have a fever of 100.4 ℉ or greater. The seizure is not associated with an infection of the central nervous system, and the client does not have a history of a seizure disorder or other medical condition that can cause seizures. (Chapter 16.10)
Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicle, usually due to bacterial infection. (Chapter 16.3, Chapter 16.22)
Functional constipation: Constipation that is not caused by an underlying disease process. (Chapter 16.7)
Furuncle: A pus-filled abscess due to infection of a hair follicle; also known as a boil. (Chapter 16.3)
Ganglia: Large clusters of nerve cells. (Chapter 16.2)
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD): A viral illness that commonly affects pediatric clients under seven years of age. (Chapter 16.22)
Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood. (Chapter 16.22)
Hordeolum: A bacterial infection involving the upper or lower eyelid; also known as a stye. (Chapter 16.22)
Hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA): An infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that is acquired during hospitalization. (Chapter 16.22)
Hyperopia: A disorder of the eye in which up close objects are blurry; also known as farsightedness. (Chapter 16.22)
Hypodermis: The layer underneath the dermis; also referred to as subcutaneous tissue. (Chapter 16.2)
Impetigo: A contagious condition in which there is an infection in the outermost layers of the skin. (Chapter 16.11)
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): The most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis affecting pediatric clients; its cause is unknown. (Chapter 16.22)
Kernig’s sign: Tested by placing the client in the supine position with their hips flexed to 90°, and the examiner extends their knee. If the client experiences pain or resists extending their knee, the test is positive and indicates meningeal irritation. (Chapter 16.13)
Lockjaw: Spasms affecting the neck and jaw that make it hard to swallow or open the mouth. (Chapter 16.22)
Lyme disease: An infectious tick-borne illness, most commonly caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. (Chapter 16.12)
Macules: A smooth spot of discoloration on the skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Maculopapular rash: A rash that is made up of macules and papules. (Chapter 16.12)
Meibomian glands: Oil-producing glands deep within the eyelids. (Chapter 16.22)
Meningitis: Inflammation or infection of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 16.13)
Meningococcal meningitis: A specific type of meningitis caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. (Chapter 16.13)
Moll glands: A type of sweat gland within the eye. (Chapter 16.22)
Molluscum contagiosum: A skin condition caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus; also known as water warts. (Chapter 16.22)
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO): A common condition affecting up to 20% of newborn clients. It occurs due to a lack of patency or narrowing of the nasolacrimal duct that causes excessive eye watering and usually resolves spontaneously; also known as dacryostenosis. (Chapter 16.14)
Moll glands: A type of sweat gland within the eye. (Chapter 16.22)
Myopia: The inability to see far away objects clearly; also referred to as nearsightedness. (Chapter 16.22)
Onychomycosis: A fungal infection of the toenails that leads to thick and discolored nails. (Chapter 16.20)
Osteomyelitis: An acute or chronic infection of the bone and associated structures; is usually due to bacterial infection. (Chapter 16.15)
Otitis externa: Inflammation of the external auditory canal; also known as swimmer’s ear. (Chapter 16.16)
Otitis media: Acute infection of the middle ear. (Chapter 16.17)
Otitis media with effusion: Fluid buildup in the middle ear without evidence of infection. (Chapter 16.17)
Papules: Small, raised bumps on the skin, such as a mosquito bite. (Chapter 16.3)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close at birth. (Chapter 16.22)
Pediculicide: A medication that kills head lice. (Chapter 16.18)
Pediculosis capitis: Head lice. (Chapter 16.18)
Periorbital cellulitis: A specific type of cellulitis that occurs around the soft tissue of the eye. (Chapter 16.22)
Petechiae: Small red spots caused by bleeding under the skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Pinworm: A parasitic worm infestation by Enterobius vermicularis. (Chapter 16.22)
Poisoning: Exposure to a harmful agent. (Chapter 16.22)
Poliomyelitis: An infectious disorder caused by poliovirus that can lead to paralysis; commonly referred to as polio. (Chapter 16.22)
Proprioception: Awareness of body movement and position. (Chapter 16.3)
Protuberant: Bulging. (Chapter 16.3)
Pseudocyst: A lesion that resembles a cyst but with a less-defined boundary. (Chapter 16.3)
Purulent: Pus-producing; also called suppurative. (Chapter 16.3)
Pustules: Raised bumps that contain pus, such as acne. (Chapter 16.3)
Pyoderma: Any suppurative (pus-producing) infection of the skin. (Chapter 16.3)
Reye’s syndrome: A very rare but serious pediatric illness that is associated with the use of aspirin or aspirin-containing products by those experiencing viral illness. (Chapter 16.22)
Scabies: An infectious skin disorder that is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. (Chapter 16.19)
Seborrheic dermatitis: An inflammation of the skin in areas containing sebaceous or oil-producing glands. (Chapter 16.8)
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS): An infection caused by strains of Staphylococcus bacteria that produce toxins. (Chapter 16.22)
Strabismus: A disorder in which the eyes are not properly aligned, leading to them looking in different directions; more commonly known as crossed eyes. (Chapter 16.22)
Sunburn: An acute inflammatory response of the skin to ultraviolet ray exposure. (Chapter 16.22)
Suppurative: Producing pus; purulent. (Chapter 16.3)
Tetanus: An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which can be found in soil, dust, or the feces of animals. (Chapter 16.22)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): A combination of four different congenital heart defects in which there is a ventral septal defect, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, narrowing of the pulmonic valve, and a displaced aorta. (Chapter 16.22)
Tet spells: Occur in those with Tetralogy of Fallot and consist of worsening cyanosis, increasing respiratory rate, increase in respiratory depth, syncope, and even cardiac arrest. (Chapter 16.22)
Tinea capitis: A fungal infection of the scalp. (Chapter 16.20)
Tinea corporis: A fungal infection of the trunk, neck and extremities; also known as ringworm. (Chapter 16.20)
Tinea cruris: A fungal infection of the groin; also known as jock itch. (Chapter 16.20)
Tinea pedis: A fungal infection of the feet; also known as athlete’s foot. (Chapter 16.20)
Tinea versicolor: A fungal infection of the extremities, trunk, and neck that leads to changes in skin color. (Chapter 16.20)
Tinnitus: Ringing in the ears. (Chapter 16.3)
Tympanocentesis: Fluid removal from the middle ear. (Chapter 16.17)
Tympanometry: A test used to diagnose otitis media with effusion; the test measures how well the tympanic membrane moves. (Chapter 16.17)
Ulcer: A break in the skin or open sore. (Chapter 16.3)
Varicella: A highly contagious disease that is a result of primary infection with the varicella-zoster virus, also known as chickenpox. (Chapter 16.21)
Ventral septal defect (VSD): A congenital heart defect in which there is a hole between the two ventricles of the heart. (Chapter 16.22)
Vertigo: Feeling as if the room is spinning. (Chapter 16.3)
Vesicle: A small, fluid-filled lesion, such as a herpes blister. (Chapter 16.3)
Viral exanthem rash: An extensive rash that is accompanied by a viral infection. (Chapter 16.22)
Wheal: A swollen, inflamed skin lesion that itches or burns, often from an allergic reaction. (Chapter 16.3)
Zeis glands: Oil-producing glands of the eye. (Chapter 16.22)