VIII Glossary

Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Any vaginal bleeding that occurs outside of the normal menstrual cycle, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, or after menopause. It may be a sign of a medical condition that requires evaluation. (Chapter 8.10)

Abortion: A medical procedure or intervention to terminate a pregnancy before the fetus can live independently outside the uterus. (Chapter 8.7)

Abstinence: The choice to not engage in sexual activity, which is the only 100% effective method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). (Chapter 8.7)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): The advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely weakened immune system, which makes the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. AIDS occurs when CD4 cell counts drop below a critical level or certain infections develop. (Chapter 8.8)

Adenocarcinoma in situ: A type of pre-cancerous lesion in which glandular cells in the cervix have abnormal growth patterns. It can potentially develop into cervical cancer if not treated. (Chapter 8.10)

Adnexa: The structures adjacent to an organ. In gynecology, it refers to the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and ligaments attached to the uterus. (Chapter 8.2)

Adoption: The legal process where a child is permanently placed with a parent or parents other than the biological ones, establishing legal rights and responsibilities. (Chapter 8.7)

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): A protein produced in the liver of a developing fetus, often measured in prenatal tests to assess the risk of fetal abnormalities. (Chapter 8.5)

Amenorrhea: The absence of menstruation. It can be primary (when menstruation never begins) or secondary (when menstruation stops after previously occurring). (Chapter 8.2)

Amniocentesis: A prenatal procedure where amniotic fluid is extracted from the uterus for testing, often used to detect genetic disorders. (Chapter 8.5)

Androgen: A group of hormones, including testosterone, that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. (Chapter 8.2)

Anencephaly: A serious birth defect in which parts of the brain and skull are missing in a developing fetus. (Chapter 8.5)

Anovulation: The absence of ovulation, when the ovary does not release an egg during the menstrual cycle. (Chapter 8.2)

Antiretroviral therapy: The use of a combination of medications to treat HIV infection. This therapy helps control the virus, preventing its progression to AIDS, and improves quality of life. (Chapter 8.8)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV): A condition in female clients where normal Lactobacillus flora of the vagina is replaced by multiple anaerobic species of bacteria. (Chapter 8.10)

Bartholin’s glands: Glands located near the vaginal opening that secrete fluid to lubricate the vagina. (Chapter 8.2)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause urinary symptoms such as difficulty starting urination, a weak urine stream, or frequent urination. (Chapter 8.9)

Biological sex: The classification of individuals based on physical and genetic characteristics such as chromosomes, hormone levels, and reproductive/sexual anatomy. (Chapter 8.3)

Biopsy: A medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body for examination under a microscope to diagnose conditions such as cancer. (Chapter 8.10)

Breast cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the cells of the breast. It can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not treated early. (Chapter 8.10)

Breast-conserving surgery: A surgical procedure that removes the cancerous tissue from the breast while preserving as much of the breast as possible. It is also known as a lumpectomy. (Chapter 8.10)

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A non-invasive imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast. It is often used for high-risk patients or to better assess abnormal findings. (Chapter 8.10)

Breast ultrasound: A medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the breast tissue. It is often used to further evaluate abnormalities found on a mammogram. (Chapter 8.10)

Bulbourethral glands: Glands in the male reproductive system that produce a fluid that helps lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through during ejaculation. (Chapter 8.2)

Cervical cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by infection with certain strains of HPV. (Chapter 8.10)

Cervical caps: A barrier form of contraception made of silicone that is inserted into the vagina and fits over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. (Chapter 8.7)

Cervix: The lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina and serves as a passage for menstrual blood, sperm, and childbirth. (Chapter 8.2)

Chemotherapy: Specific medications are prescribed by physicians to shrink or kill specific types of cancer cells. (Chapter 8.10)

Chlamydia: A common bacterial STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, often showing no symptoms. It can lead to serious reproductive complications if left untreated, including PID and infertility. (Chapter 8.8)

Circumcision: The surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis, typically performed shortly after birth for cultural, religious, or medical reasons. (Chapter 8.2)

Clitoris: A small, sensitive organ located at the front of the vulva, involved in sexual pleasure. (Chapter 8.2)

Coitus: Another term for sexual intercourse, where the penis is inserted into the vagina. (Chapter 8.2)

Cold knife conization: A surgical procedure in which a cone-shaped piece of abnormal tissue is removed from the cervix using a scalpel. This is often done to diagnose or treat precancerous conditions of the cervix. (Chapter 8.10)

Colposcopy: A procedure in which a colposcope (a special magnifying device) is used to closely examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease. It is often performed after an abnormal Pap test. (Chapter 8.10)

Conception: The moment when a sperm fertilizes an egg, leading to the formation of an embryo. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.4)

Contraception: Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. These can include hormonal, barrier, surgical, or behavioral techniques. (Chapter 8.7)

Corpus luteum: A temporary structure in the ovary that forms after ovulation and produces progesterone to support early pregnancy. (Chapter 8.2)

Cryotherapy: A treatment that uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. In reproductive health it can be used to treat precancerous conditions of the cervix. (Chapter 8.10)

Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth. (Chapter 8.2)

Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to the production of thick mucus that can cause severe respiratory and digestive problems. (Chapter 8.5)

Cystocele: A condition where the bladder bulges into the vagina, often due to weakened pelvic muscles, which can lead to urinary incontinence. (Chapter 8.3, Chapter 8.10)

Diagnostic mammogram: A type of mammogram used to investigate suspicious breast changes, such as a lump, pain, or unusual appearance on a screening mammogram. (Chapter 8.10)

Diaphragm: A shallow, dome-shaped barrier method made of silicone or latex that covers the cervix to block sperm from entering the uterus. Used with spermicide for increased effectiveness. (Chapter 8.7)

Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR): A condition in which there are fewer eggs remaining in the ovaries than expected for a given age. It may occur due to congenital (condition present at birth), medical, surgical, or unexplained causes. (Chapter 8.6)

Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to developmental and intellectual delays. (Chapter 8.5)

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Abnormal uterine bleeding not associated with a physical condition such as pregnancy, infection, or cancer. It is often due to hormonal imbalances. (Chapter 8.10)

Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation that can be caused by underlying conditions like endometriosis or uterine fibroids. (Chapter 8.2)

Dyspareunia: Pain during sexual intercourse, which can have physical or psychological causes. (Chapter 8.2)

Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants and begins to grow outside the uterus, most commonly in the Fallopian tubes. This is a medical emergency that can be life-threatening if not treated. (Chapter 8.10)

Ejaculation: The release of semen from the penis, typically during orgasm. (Chapter 8.2)

Embryo: An early stage of development in multicellular organisms. In humans, it refers to the first eight weeks after conception. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.4)

Embryonic stage: The period in prenatal development that lasts from fertilization to the end of the eighth week, during which the major organs and structures begin to form. (Chapter 8.4)

Endometrial ablation: A procedure to remove or destroy the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to reduce or stop abnormal uterine bleeding. It is not a form of birth control and is typically for women who are done having children. (Chapter 8.10)

Endometrial cancer: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common type of uterine cancer, often detected early due to abnormal vaginal bleeding. (Chapter 8.10)

Endometrial sampling: A procedure in which a health care provider removes a small amount of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) using a brush, curette, or thin tube inserted through the cervix. The sample is then examined for signs of disease. (Chapter 8.10)

Endometriosis: A chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, or other pelvic organs. This can cause pain, inflammation, and infertility. (Chapter 8.10)

Endometrium: The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle to prepare for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it is shed during menstruation. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.4)

Epididymis: A long, coiled tube located behind each testicle, where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation. (Chapter 8.2)

Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, the tube that stores and carries sperm. It is often caused by bacterial infections, including STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea. (Chapter 8.9)

Epispadias: A congenital abnormality in which the urethra opens on the upper surface of the penis instead of at the tip. It can also occur in females, where the urethra opens too far anteriorly. (Chapter 8.9)

Erectile dysfunction (ED): The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. ED can have physical or psychological causes and is treatable with medication, therapy, or surgery. (Chapter 8.9)

Estrogen: A group of hormones primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. (Chapter 8.2)

Etonogestrel implant: A tiny, thin rod about the size of a matchstick that is inserted into a woman’s arm by a health care provider. (Chapter 8.7)

Exclusive breastfeeding: Feeding an infant only breast milk, without any additional food or drink, which can delay the return of fertility in some women for up to six months after childbirth. (Chapter 8.7)

Fallopian tubes: Tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus, through which an egg travels during ovulation. Fertilization of the egg by sperm typically occurs here. (Chapter 8.2)

Fertility awareness methods (FAMs): Techniques to track a woman’s menstrual cycle and identify fertile days to avoid or achieve pregnancy. These methods include monitoring basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cycle length. (Chapter 8.7)

Fertilization: The process where a sperm cell penetrates and merges with an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote. (Chapter 8.4)

Fetus: The term for a developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth. (Chapter 8.4)

Fibrocystic breasts: A condition characterized by lumpy or rope-like breast tissue, often accompanied by discomfort or tenderness, usually related to hormonal changes. (Chapter 8.2)

Fimbriae: Finger-like projections at the end of the Fallopian tubes that help guide the egg from the ovary into the tube during ovulation. (Chapter 8.2)

Fistula: An abnormal connection between two body parts, such as between the rectum and vagina or the bladder and vagina, often resulting from injury, surgery, or infection. (Chapter 8.2)

Follicles: Small sacs in the ovaries that contain a developing egg. Each month, one follicle matures and releases an egg during ovulation. (Chapter 8.2)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. (Chapter 8.2)

Follicular phase: The first phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the follicles in the ovaries grow and prepare for ovulation. (Chapter 8.2)

Foreskin: The fold of skin that covers the glans of the penis, which can be removed during circumcision. (Chapter 8.2)

Fragile X syndrome: A genetic condition that causes intellectual disabilities, behavioral challenges, and physical characteristics due to a mutation in the FMR1 gene. (Chapter 8.5)

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA): A condition caused by excessive exercise, weight loss, stress, or often a combination of these factors. (Chapter 8.6)

Gender dysphoria: Distress or discomfort that occurs when an individual’s gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth. (Chapter 8.3)

Gender expression: The external presentation of one’s gender identity, which can include behavior, clothing, haircut, voice, and other forms of presentation. (Chapter 8.3)

Gender identity: An individual’s personal sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. (Chapter 8.3)

Gender roles: Societal norms and expectations regarding behaviors, activities, and attributes considered appropriate for men and women. (Chapter 8.3)

Genital herpes: A viral STI caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It results in painful sores or blisters on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. There is no cure, but antiviral medications can reduce symptoms and transmission. (Chapter 8.8)

Glans penis: The rounded, sensitive tip of the penis. (Chapter 8.2)

Gonorrhea: A bacterial STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It affects the genital tract, rectum, and throat. Symptoms may include painful urination and discharge, though some people have no symptoms. (Chapter 8.8)

Hemoglobinopathies: A group of disorders affecting the hemoglobin in red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia. (Chapter 8.5)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV): The virus that causes oral and genital herpes. There are two types: HSV-1 (usually causes oral herpes) and HSV-2 (usually causes genital herpes). (Chapter 8.8)

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL): Severe cervical cell abnormalities more likely to progress to cancer. (Chapter 8.10)

Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth in areas where men typically grow hair, often caused by elevated androgens. (Chapter 8.10)

Hormonal therapy: Special medications are used to block cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. (Chapter 8.10)

HPV test: A test used to detect the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cells. (Chapter 8.10)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): A hormone produced during pregnancy that maintains the corpus luteum and is the basis for most pregnancy tests. (Chapter 8.4)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A virus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells (T cells), leading to a weakened immune system. Without treatment, it can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). (Chapter 8.8)

Human papillomavirus (HPV): A group of viruses that can cause genital warts and are linked to cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, and throat. Some strains of HPV can be prevented with vaccines. (Chapter 8.8, Chapter 8.10)

Hydrocele: A fluid-filled sac around a testicle that causes swelling in the scrotum. It is usually painless and may resolve on its own or require surgical treatment. (Chapter 8.9)

Hypospadias: A congenital condition where the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. Surgery can correct this condition. (Chapter 8.9)

Hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus. (Chapter 8.10)

Implantation: The process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus, where it will continue to develop into an embryo. (Chapter 8.2)

Infertility: The inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse or six months for women over 35 years old, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth. (Chapter 8.6)

Inguinal hernia: A condition where part of the intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal muscles, often near the groin. (Chapter 8.2)

Inguinal orchiectomy: A surgical procedure to remove one or both testicles through an incision in the groin. It is commonly performed to treat testicular cancer. (Chapter 8.9)

Internal condoms: Also known as female condoms; they are inserted into the vagina to prevent pregnancy and protect against STIs by acting as a barrier to sperm. (Chapter 8.7)

Intrauterine device (IUD): A small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are hormonal and copper IUDs, both of which provide long-term contraception. (Chapter 8.7, Chapter 8.10)

Irregular bleeding: Unpredictable menstrual bleeding that occurs at irregular intervals. (Chapter 8.10)

Labia majora: The outer folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening, providing protection to the internal reproductive organs. (Chapter 8.2)

Labia minora: The inner folds of skin located just inside the labia majora, which help protect the vaginal and urethral openings. (Chapter 8.2)

Lactation: The production and secretion of milk from the mammary glands, typically following childbirth. (Chapter 8.2)

Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM): A natural contraceptive method based on exclusive breastfeeding, which temporarily suppresses ovulation and fertility due to the hormonal effects of lactation. (Chapter 8.7)

Lactiferous ducts: Tubes that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple during breastfeeding. (Chapter 8.2)

Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure using a thin tube to examine pelvic organs. (Chapter 8.10)

Laparotomy: A surgical procedure where a large incision is made in the abdomen to access organs. (Chapter 8.10)

Laser therapy: A procedure using a laser to destroy abnormal tissue. (Chapter 8.10)

Last menstrual period (LMP): The first day of a woman’s most recent menstrual cycle, often used to calculate gestational age in pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)

LGBTQIA+: An inclusive acronym that stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, and other sexual orientations and gender identities. (Chapter 8.3)

Libido: Sexual drive or desire, influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. (Chapter 8.2)

Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A procedure that uses a thin wire loop charged with an electric current to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix. It is commonly used to treat precancerous changes in the cervix. (Chapter 8.10)

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL): Mild cervical cell abnormalities often caused by HPV. (Chapter 8.10)

Luteinizing hormone (LH): A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males. (Chapter 8.2)

Lymphadenectomy: The surgical removal of lymph nodes. (Chapter 8.10)

Lymph node dissection: The removal of lymph nodes to examine for signs of metastatic cancer. (Chapter 8.10)

Mammogram: An X-ray of the breast used to screen for breast cancer. (Chapter 8.10)

Mastitis: Inflammation of breast tissue, often due to infection, commonly occurring during breastfeeding. (Chapter 8.2)

Menarche: The first occurrence of menstruation in a female, marking the beginning of reproductive capability. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.3)

Menometrorrhagia: Irregular or excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods. (Chapter 8.2)

Menopause: The end of a woman’s menstrual cycles and fertility. (Chapter 8.3, Chapter 8.6, Chapter 8.10)

Menorrhagia: Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.10)

Menstruation: The monthly shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus, resulting in blood flow through the vagina. (Chapter 8.2)

Metastasized: The spread of cancer from its original site to other parts of the body. (Chapter 8.10)

Metrorrhagia: Irregular uterine bleeding that occurs between menstrual periods. (Chapter 8.2)

Mitosis: The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (Chapter 8.4)

Modified radical mastectomy: A surgical procedure that removes the entire breast and some lymph nodes. (Chapter 8.10)

Mons pubis: The rounded area of fatty tissue over the pubic bone, covered with pubic hair after puberty. (Chapter 8.2)

Mutually monogamous: A relationship where both partners agree to have sexual relations only with each other. (Chapter 8.10)

Myolysis: A procedure that destroys fibroids using heat, cold, or electric current. (Chapter 8.10)

Myomectomy: A surgical procedure to remove uterine fibroids while preserving the uterus. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.10)

Myometrium: The muscular layer of the uterus responsible for contractions during menstruation and childbirth. (Chapter 8.2)

Neural tube defects: Birth defects, such as spina bifida or anencephaly, involving the incomplete development of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. (Chapter 8.5)

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT): A molecular test to detect the genetic material of organisms, such as those causing STIs. (Chapter 8.8)

Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or irregular menstrual periods, typically occurring more than 35 days apart. (Chapter 8.2)

Omentectomy: A procedure to remove part or all of the omentum often for treating ovarian cancer. (Chapter 8.10)

Oogenesis: The process of egg cell (ovum) development in the ovaries. (Chapter 8.4)

Organogenesis: The phase of embryonic development where the organs of the body begin to form. (Chapter 8.4)

Orgasm: The peak of sexual pleasure, often accompanied by the release of tension and involuntary muscle contractions. (Chapter 8.2)

Outercourse: Sexual activities that do not involve vaginal intercourse, which can help reduce the risk of pregnancy and STIs when no bodily fluids are exchanged. (Chapter 8.7)

Ovarian cancer: A type of cancer that begins in the ovary tissue. (Chapter 8.10)

Ovarian cyst: A fluid-filled sac on or inside the ovary. (Chapter 8.10)

Ovary: A female reproductive organ that produces eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. (Chapter 8.2)

Ovulation: The release of a mature egg from the ovary into the Fallopian tube, usually occurring around the middle of the menstrual cycle. (Chapter 8.2)

Ovum: A mature egg cell released from the ovary, capable of being fertilized by sperm. (Chapter 8.2)

Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear): A screening test for detecting precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells. (Chapter 8.10)

Paraphimosis: A condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be pulled forward, which can restrict blood flow and cause a medical emergency. (Chapter 8.9)

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by STIs like chlamydia or gonorrhea. It can result in infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. (Chapter 8.8, Chapter 8.10)

Pelvic peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, often caused by infection. (Chapter 8.10)

Penis: The external male genital organ that serves as the conduit for urine and semen to exit the body. (Chapter 8.2)

Perimenopause: The transitional period leading up to menopause, characterized by hormonal fluctuations and changes in menstrual cycles. (Chapter 8.3)

Perimetrium: The outermost layer of the uterus, consisting of a thin layer of epithelial cells. (Chapter 8.2)

Perineum: The area between the anus and the genitals in both males and females. (Chapter 8.2)

Peritoneum: The thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. It helps support the organs and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. (Chapter 8.10)

Peyronie’s disease: A condition where scar tissue develops inside the penis, causing curved and painful erections. It can affect sexual function and may require medical or surgical treatment. (Chapter 8.9)

Phimosis: A condition where the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis. It can cause pain and lead to infections. Treatment options include topical steroids or circumcision. (Chapter 8.9)

Placenta: An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products from the fetus’s blood. (Chapter 8.4)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder with irregular periods and excess androgens. (Chapter 8.6, Chapter 8.10)

Polymenorrhea: A condition where menstrual cycles occur more frequently than normal, typically less than 21 days apart. (Chapter 8.2)

Pre-embryonic stage: The early phase of prenatal development, from fertilization through the second week, before the embryo is fully implanted in the uterus. (Chapter 8.4)

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI): Sometimes referred to as premature menopause; occurs when a woman’s ovaries fail before she is 40 years of age. (Chapter 8.6)

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): A severe form of PMS with extreme mood changes. (Chapter 8.10)

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): Physical and emotional symptoms that occur before menstruation. (Chapter 8.10)

Prepuce: The foreskin in males covering the glans of the penis. (Chapter 8.2)

Priapism: Painful or prolonged penile erections. (Chapter 8.2)

Progesterone: A hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta that helps prepare the endometrium for pregnancy and maintains early stages of gestation. (Chapter 8.2)

Prolapse: A condition where an organ falls or slips from its normal position. (Chapter 8.10)

Prostate: A male gland that surrounds the urethra and produces fluid that is part of semen. (Chapter 8.2)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): A protein produced by the prostate gland, used as a marker for prostate health. (Chapter 8.9)

Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be caused by bacterial infection or other factors. Symptoms may include pain, difficulty urinating, and pelvic discomfort. (Chapter 8.9)

Puberty: The phase of development during which individuals undergo physical changes that lead to sexual maturity and reproductive capability. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.3)

Pubic lice: Small parasites that infest the pubic hair, causing itching. They are spread through close personal contact, including sexual activity. (Chapter 8.8)

Quickening: The first movements of the fetus felt by the pregnant person, typically occurring around the 16th to 20th week of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)

Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays (similar to X-rays) to kill cancer cells. (Chapter 8.10)

Rectocele: A condition in which the rectum bulges into the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic muscles. (Chapter 8.3, Chapter 8.10)

Reproductive endocrinologist: A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating infertility and hormonal disorders related to the reproductive system. (Chapter 8.6)

Reproductive genetic carrier screening (RGCS): A genetic test used to identify whether an individual carries a gene for certain inherited disorders that could be passed on to their offspring. (Chapter 8.5)

Reproductive screening: Tests and assessments conducted to evaluate reproductive health, including fertility and potential genetic conditions. (Chapter 8.5)

Salpingitis: Inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (Chapter 8.10)

Scrotum: The external sac that contains the testes in males, regulating the temperature for sperm production. (Chapter 8.2)

Secondary sex characteristics: Physical traits that develop during puberty, such as breast development in females or facial hair in males, that are not directly involved in reproduction. (Chapter 8.3)

Semen: The fluid that carries sperm, produced by the prostate, seminal vesicles, and other glands in the male reproductive system. (Chapter 8.2)

Semen analysis: A laboratory test that evaluates the health and viability of a man’s sperm, including its count, movement, and shape, to assess fertility potential. (Chapter 8.6)

Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a significant portion of the fluid that makes up semen, contributing nutrients and enzymes to support sperm. (Chapter 8.2)

Seminiferous tubules: Tubes located within the testes where sperm production (spermatogenesis) takes place. (Chapter 8.2)

Sexual orientation: A person’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others, which can include being heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or others. (Chapter 8.3)

Speculum: A medical instrument used to widen the vaginal opening during gynecological exams to allow for inspection of the cervix and vagina. (Chapter 8.10)

Sperm: The male reproductive cell responsible for fertilizing the female egg (ovum). (Chapter 8.2)

Spermatic cord: A bundle of fibers and tissues that run from the abdomen to each testicle, containing blood vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens. (Chapter 8.2)

Spermatocele: A fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis, often containing dead sperm cells. It is usually painless and benign. (Chapter 8.9)

Spermatogenesis: The process by which sperm are produced and matured in the testes. (Chapter 8.2)

Spermicide: A chemical agent that kills or immobilizes sperm to prevent pregnancy. It is typically used with other barrier methods like diaphragms or cervical caps for added protection. (Chapter 8.7)

Spina bifida: A birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, resulting in varying levels of disability. (Chapter 8.5)

Spinal muscular atrophy: A genetic disorder that causes weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscles due to the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. (Chapter 8.5)

STD (Sexually transmitted disease): A disease resulting from a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Not all STIs lead to symptoms or diseases, but when they do, they are referred to as STDs. (Chapter 8.8)

STI (Sexually transmitted infection): An infection that is passed from one person to another through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. STIs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. (Chapter 8.8)

Syphilis: A bacterial STI caused by Treponema pallidum. It progresses in stages and can cause serious health problems if untreated, including damage to the heart, brain, and other organs. (Chapter 8.8)

Tanner Staging Scale: A scale that measures the physical development of children, adolescents, and adults based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics. (Chapter 8.3)

Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy works with the body’s immune system to help it fight cancer cells or to control side effects from other cancer treatments. (Chapter 8.10)

Teratogens: Substances or environmental factors that can cause birth defects or abnormal development in a fetus. (Chapter 8.4)

Testes: Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. (Chapter 8.2)

Testicular cancer: A type of cancer that occurs in the testicles, the male reproductive glands. It is relatively rare but is the most common cancer in younger men. Early detection and treatment usually lead to a good prognosis. (Chapter 8.9)

Testicular torsion: A medical emergency where the spermatic cord, which provides blood to the testicle, twists and cuts off the blood supply. This condition can cause severe pain and swelling and requires immediate surgery. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.9)

Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions. (Chapter 8.2)

Thalassemia: A genetic blood disorder that causes the body to produce an abnormal form of hemoglobin, leading to anemia. (Chapter 8.5)

Total mastectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the entire breast. (Chapter 8.10)

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS): A rare but life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins. (Chapter 8.10)

Transgender: A term describing individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. (Chapter 8.3)

Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP): A surgical procedure used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Small cuts are made in the prostate to widen the urethra and improve urine flow. (Chapter 8.9)

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland through the urethra. It is commonly used to treat BPH when medication is ineffective. (Chapter 8.9)

Trichomoniasis: A parasitic STI caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include itching, burning, and discharge, though many people have no symptoms. (Chapter 8.8)

Trimesters: The three stages of pregnancy, each lasting about three months, during which different developmental milestones occur for the fetus. (Chapter 8.4)

Tubal ligation: A permanent surgical procedure for women that involves cutting, tying, or blocking the Fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus for fertilization. (Chapter 8.7)

Tubo-ovarian abscess: A collection of pus in or around the Fallopian tubes and ovaries, typically resulting from a severe pelvic infection such as PID. This is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment. (Chapter 8.10)

Umbilical cord: The cord connecting the developing fetus to the placenta, allowing the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the mother and fetus. (Chapter 8.4)

Uterine artery embolization (UAE): Similar to uterine fibroid embolization; a procedure where the uterine arteries are embolized (blocked) to treat various conditions, including fibroids, by cutting off the blood supply to abnormal tissue. (Chapter 8.10)

Uterine cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the uterus. (Chapter 8.10)

Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE): A non-surgical procedure used to treat fibroids by blocking the blood supply to the fibroids, causing them to shrink. Small particles are injected into the uterine arteries during this procedure to cut off blood flow to the fibroid. (Chapter 8.10)

Uterine fibroids: Non-cancerous growths of the uterus. (Chapter 8.10)

Uterine prolapse: A condition where the uterus descends from its normal position into the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic muscles and ligaments, often caused by childbirth, aging, or other factors that weaken pelvic support. (Chapter 8.10)

Uterus: The female reproductive organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows into a fetus during pregnancy. (Chapter 8.2)

Vagina: The muscular canal in females that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body, playing a role in menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth. (Chapter 8.2)

Vaginal contraceptive ring: A flexible, small ring that is inserted into the vagina, releasing hormones (estrogen and progestin) to prevent ovulation and pregnancy. (Chapter 8.7)

Vaginal prolapse: Occurs when the walls of the vagina lose their support and either bulge or protrude through the vaginal opening. (Chapter 8.10)

Varicocele: An enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs. It can cause pain and may be associated with infertility. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.9)

Vas deferens: The duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation. (Chapter 8.2)

Vasectomy: A permanent surgical procedure for men where the vas deferens are cut and sealed to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate, thus preventing pregnancy. (Chapter 8.2, Chapter 8.7)

Vulva: The external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. (Chapter 8.2)

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): Also known as a yeast infection; a common fungal infection of the vulva and vagina caused by the overgrowth of Candida species. Symptoms include itching, burning, and a thick, white vaginal discharge. (Chapter 8.10)

Watchful waiting: A management strategy where the patient and doctor monitor a condition over time without immediate intervention. This approach is often used for conditions like BPH or early-stage prostate cancer. (Chapter 8.9)

Zygote: The cell that forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg, representing the earliest stage of human development. (Chapter 8.4)