9.14 References
Amelia, D., Afrianto, A., Samanik, S., Suprayogi, S., Pranoto, B. E., & Gulo, I. (2022). Improving public speaking ability through speech. Journal of Technology and Social for Community Service, 3(2), 322–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jsstcs.v3i2.2231
Anderson, J. T. (2024). Public speaking guidebook: How to speak more assertively and conquer fear. (n.p.).
Azemi, I. (2021). Non-verbal communication in public appearance. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 4(4), 256–267. https://ijassjournal.com/2021/V4I4/4146585942.pdf
Baccarani, C., & Bonfanti, A. (2015). Effective public speaking: A conceptual framework in the corporate-communication field. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 20(3), 375–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-04-2014-0025
Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J. C., & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communication Monographs, 65(3), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759809376448
Brandrick, C., Hooper, N., Roche, B., Kanter, J., & Tyndall, I. (2021). A comparison of ultra-brief cognitive defusion and positive affirmation interventions on the reduction of public speaking anxiety. Psychological Record, 71(1), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00432-z
Broeckelman-Post, M. A., Hunter, K. M., Westwick, J. N., Hosek, A., Ruiz-Mesa, K., Hooker, J., & Anderson, L. B. (2020). Measuring essential learning outcomes for public speaking. Basic Communication Course Annual, 32(1), 1–28. https://www.academia.edu/65903219/Measuring_Essential_Learning_Outcomes_for_Public_Speaking
Cingi, C. C., Bayar Muluk, N., & Cingi, C. (2023). Analyzing your audience in advance. In Improving online presentations: A guide for healthcare professionals (pp. 93–103). Springer International Publishing.
DeVito, J. A. (2018). Human communication: The basic course. Pearson.
Grieve, R., Woodley, J., Hunt, S. E., & McKay, A. (2021). Student fears of oral presentations and public speaking in higher education: A qualitative survey. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(9), 1281–1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1948509
Hillmer, L. (2022). Public speaking 101. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 102(4), 16–17. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/public-speaking-101/docview/2756273231/se-2
Jasuli, J., Hartatik, S. F., & Astuti, E. S. (2024). The impact of nonverbal communication on effective public speaking in English. Journey Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 7(2), 226–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i2.834
Jean-Pierre, J., Hassan, S., & Sturge, A. (2023). Enhancing the learning and teaching of public speaking skills. College Teaching, 71(4), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2021.2011705
John, A. D., Nagarajan, G., & Arthi, M. (2017). Nonverbal communication in public speaking. Impact Journals, 5(2), 97–100. http://www.impactjournals.us/download/archives/2-11-1488025447-12.ABS%20Hum-NON%20VERBAL%20COMMUNICATION.pdf
Kennedy, J., & Carter, J. (2016). Issue debates: Notecards in extemporaneous speaking. Speaker & Gavel, 53(1), 144–159. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/speaker-gavel/vol53/iss1/13/
Kilag, O. K. T., Quimada, G. M., Contado, M. B., Macapobre, H. E., Rabi, J. I. I. A., & Peras, C. C. (2023). The use of body language in public speaking. Science and Education, 4(1), 393–406. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-use-of-body-language-in-public-speaking
Khoirunisa, A., & Pratama, A. C. (2024). Public speaking skills in education in the 21st century: A systematic literature review. Jurnal Edu Aksara, 3(2), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14565774
Lucas, S. E., & Stob, P. (2020). The art of public speaking. McGraw-Hill.
McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x
McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 13–38). https://archive.org/details/avoidingcommunic0000unse
Munz, S. M., McKenna-Buchanan, T., & Wright, A. M. (Eds.). (2024). The Routledge handbook of public speaking research and theory. Routledge.
O’Hair, D., Rubenstein, H., & Stewart, R. (2023). A pocket guide to public speaking. Macmillan.
Palmer, E. (2022). Speaking out: To prepare students for the real world, schools need a bigger focus on oral communication skills. Educational Leadership, 79(8), 64–66. https://ascd.org/el/articles/speaking-out
Raja, F. (2017). Anxiety level in students of public speaking: Causes and remedies. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 4(1), 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v4i1.1001
Robinson, T. M., Clemens, C. M., & Ortega, S. (2016). The evolution of extemporaneous speaking: A structuration approach. Forensic, 101(1), 21–29.
Scott, J. W., Robertson, M., & Tatum, N. T. (2024). Audience analysis in public speaking: A comprehensive exploration. In The Routledge handbook of public speaking research and theory (pp. 91–99). Routledge.
Seiler, W., Beall, M., & Mazer, J. (2021). Communication: Making connections. Pearson.
Thompson, N. (2024). Public speaking struggles for technical professionals. Talent Development, 78(6), 20–22. https://www.td.org/content/td-magazine/public-speaking-struggles-for-technical-professionals
Yulanda, N. (2021). The implementation of the effective strategy for practicing extemporaneous speech style in public speaking. English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistic and Literature, 2(2), 63–70. https://www.sciencegate.app/source/660911825
Zarefsky, D., & Engels, J. D. (2021). Public speaking: Strategies for success. Pearson.
Images
Figure 9.1: Aitubo. (2025). Flux (v1.0) (June 23 version). [Artificial intelligence system]. Aitubo. https://aitubo.ai/
Figure 9.2: “Comm_apprehension” by Nic Ashman, Chippewa Valley Technical College is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en
Figure 9.3: “Pexels-ron-lach-9786061” by Ron Lach, via Pexels, is licensed under CC0. https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/
Figure 9.4: OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (June 6 version). [Large language model]. ChatGPT. https://chatgpt.com/
Figure 9.5: Google. (2025). Gemini (June 23 version). [Artificial intelligence system]. Gemini. https://gemini.google.com/app